Random review Flashcards
What does Organic Computing (OC) refer to?
- Computer science in interaction with biology
- CS –> biology e.g. DNA analysis, spatial structures of proteins
- Bio –> CS
What is swarm intelligence?
- Subfield of OC
- ## Bio –> CS
What will be our main focus in swarm intelligence?
how to use knowledge from biology to cope with complex systems.
Name 3 reasons for the increasing complexity of technical systems.
- Miniaturization
- Interconnection of many fully equipped computers
- Embedding of hardware and software systems in technical systems e.g. vehicles or aircraft
What is the potential risk of the increasing complexity of technical systems?
More difficult to control
Hard to predict error or failure
What does it mean by the correctness of a system?
- the satisfaction of the safety property
(“Bad things never happen”) - the liveness property
(“good things happen sooner or later”)
What is the main idea behind systems with self-*-properties?
some processes within the system run automatically, i.e., without human intervention.
Name 3 self-*-properties
- self-configuring,
- self-optimizing
- self-healing
- self-explanatory
- self-protecting
E.g., the adaptation of the formation of a robot swarm depending on the environment
E.g., minimization of energy consumption,
E.g., removing nodes from peer-to-peer networks
E.g., fail-safe in the presence of attacks on peer-to-peer networks, etc.
What are the advantages of systems that have self-*-properties?
- flexible
- robust against failures
- self-optimizing
What are the disadvantages of systems that have self-*-properties?
- can make mistakes
- very long training times, very long times for reconfiguration
- unauthorized interference possible
What are the patterns of organization are used in systems with self-*-properties?
- emergence
- autonomy (state of self-sufficiency, independence, self-government)
- federation (cooperation of several (sub-)systems)
- self-organization
Define the term Emergence
is a phenomenon characterized by:
- the interaction of many components
- and the absence of central control
- and explicitly predetermined patterns (several simple rules)
What does Emergence refer to? What are its properties?
- formation of structures or properties from the interaction of elements in a complex system
- Properties
+properties of a whole that cannot be derived directly from the individual parts and can only be explained from the interaction of the parts
+have a feedback effect on the individual components.
What are the typical phenomena for emergence? Give several examples of emergence behavior.
- unpredictability
- irreducibility
Examples - oscillating circuit, especially the phenomenon of resonance
- stability of living systems against environmental influence
- performing arts, especially when abstract
- web search (significance of a page is derived from link structure)
Which research questions were discussed in the lecture in relation to the term Emergence and which algorithm was used?
- (better and) quantitative understanding of natural phenomena
- metrics for the assessment of self-organization and emergence phenomena
- system architectures: Observer/Controller architectures
- security: the self-evolution of the OC system must prevent misbehavior and misdevelopment
- inclusion of a-priori knowledge
- cognitive ability (perceptiveness) autonomy and user interaction
- self-explanation
