Random questions

Question 1

What drug is used to treat hypertension and why?

Answer 1

Thiazine diuretics- increase Na+ and water loss by the kidneys which decreases fluid volume, venous return and cardiac output.

Question 2

How do you calculate the mean arterial pressure?

Answer 2

Diastolic pressure + 1/3 pulse pressure

Question 3

What is the name given to the pressure pushing water back into plasma?

Answer 3

Colloid osmotic pressure

Question 4

What is the name given to the pressure pushing water out into the interstitial fluid?

Answer 4

Hydrostatic pressure

Question 5

What are Mechanoreceptors?

Answer 5

They are lung receptors which respond to stretch.
3 types:
-rapidly adapting receptors (cough reflex)
-slowly adapting receptors (HeringBreur reflex prevents over inflating)
-C-fibre receptors (defence mechanism)

All 3 innervated by fibres of the vagus nerve.

Question 6

What is emphysema?

Answer 6

Irreversible destruction of the alveoli, generally caused by smoking.

• limited gas exchange
• area for O2 and CO2 is limited so CO2 can build up

Question 7

What is Bradycardia

Answer 7

• Decreased heart rate
• Resting heart rate <60bpm
• Seldom symptomatic until rate drops below 50bpm

Question 8

What is the equation for cardiac output?

Answer 8

Cardiac output= Stroke volume x heart rate

Question 9

Describe some features of eosinophils

Answer 9

• high affinity to the red dye ‘eosin’.
• contribute to between 2-4% of all white blood cells.
• usually between 10-12m in diameter
• contain a bilobular nucleus.
• combat of parasitic infections within the body
• play role in body’s allergic responses and in conditions such as asthma

Question 10

Describe some features of basophils

Answer 10

-affinity to a blue dye, often referred to as a ’basic dye’
-are the least common of all leukocytes within the body, contributing to less than 1% of all white blood cells.
-usually between 8-10m in diameter
-feature a bilobed ‘S’ shaped nucleus
-the granules within the cells cytoplasm contain
chemicals such as histamine and heparin.

Question 11

What does Histamine do?

Answer 11

Histamine initiates inflammation and the contraction of smooth muscle

Question 12

What does Heparin do?

Answer 12

Heparin is an anticoagulant and hence its function in the body is to prevent the formation of blood clots. Heparin is often used in surgery to prevent blood clots forming during certain procedures.

Question 13

What organs are bypassed in foetus?

Answer 13

-Lungs
-liver
-gastrointestinal tract
as they are not sufficiently developed

Question 14

What vessels supply the liver with blood?

Answer 14

• hepatic portal vein 70%

- hepatic artery-branch of the abdominal aorta 30%

Question 15

What are the four main functions of the hepatic portal system?

Answer 15

• storage
• metabolic conversion (stores of glucose)
• detoxification (breaking down drugs)
• destroys bacteria

Question 16

What duct drains the right side of the neck, head, thorax and upper limb, and what vein does this enter?

Answer 16

-right lymphatic duct which enters the right subclavian vein

Question 17

What are the trabeculae?

Answer 17

Strand of collagen that extend inwards towards lymph node from capsule

Question 18

What is the Hilum?

Answer 18

• small indentation where blood vessels and nerves enter the lymph node.
• where lymph leaves lymph node and enters afferent lymphatic vessel

Question 19

In which type of fluid is the concentration of potassium at its highest?

Answer 19

Intracellular fluid

Question 20

What are the components of extracellular fluid?

Answer 20

Interstitial fluid
Plasma
Transcellular fluid

Question 21

Why does a foetus need specialised circulation?

Answer 21

Lungs and liver of foetus are non-functional and are bypassed.
Foetus receives oxygen and nutrients and gets rid of waste at placenta through maternal blood.

Question 22

What are anastomoses?

Answer 22

When a number of supplies to an organ or a tissue join together, If one area is blocked, heart an still receive blood from the other arteries.

Question 23

What are the 3 specialised connections within foetal circulation?

Answer 23

• 30% blood from right atrium–> left atrium via FORAMEN OVALE
• 70% blood bypasses lungs from pulmonary trunk to aorta DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS
• DUCTUS VENOSUS-branch with hepatic portal vein so some goes to liver but majority bypasses.

Question 24

Describe the pathway of an action potential throughout the heart.

Answer 24

• Sinoatrial node generates action potential
• ap spreads rapidly across both atrium
• atrioventricular node rapidly depolarises at end of atrial contraction, sending ap to ventricles
• Bundle of His
• Ap travels down right bundle and left bundle
• reaches apex and reaches Purkinje fibres
• spreads ap to rest of ventricle causing contraction of ventricles once atria have finished contraction.

Question 25

What are the names of the 3 special foetal connections in an adult?

Answer 25

Ductus Venosus –> Ligamentum Venosum

Foramen Ovale –> Fossa Ovalis

Ductus Arteriosus –> Ligamentum Arteriosum

Question 26

What do we call the lower surface of heart?

Answer 26

inferior- diaphragmatic surface

Question 27

What factors influence rate and depth of breathing?

Answer 27

• changing body demands e.g. exercise
• altitude- acute mountain sickness
• disease
• changing levels of CO2, H+,02 in arterial blood

Question 28

What are the anatomical terms for the following words:

• head
• neck
• arm
• back of knee
• arm pit

Answer 28

head-cephalic
neck- jugular
arm- brachium
back of knee- popliteal fossa
arm pit- axillary fossa

Question 29

Transitional epithelium can be found in the:
A. Oesophagus
B. Small intestine
C. Trachea
D. Urinary bladder

Answer 29

D. Urinary bladder

Question 30

The majority of erythropoietin is produced in the:
A. bone marrow
B. kidneys
C. liver
D. spleen

Answer 30

B. kidneys