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Random Questions Flashcards

Infinite fun

1
Q

What is the equation for electromotive force?

A

E = W/Q (on equation sheet)

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2
Q

What is the elastic limit?

A

The maximum force that can be applied to a spring so that it returns to it’s original shape

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3
Q

What is UTS (ultimate tensile strength)?

A

The maximum amount of stress a material can withstand without failing (not force, or before failing)

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4
Q

For an extension/force graph, (not force/extension like normal) how would you calculate Hooke’s Law?

A

Do y/x (gradient), and then find reciprocal for F/e

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5
Q

What is narrative voice, what exam question is it useful for?

A

The point of view of the story, eg 1st/2nd/3rd person, multiple narrators

  • Useful to mention in Critical Appreciation
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6
Q

What is characterisation? What question is it useful to mention?

A

How a writer builds a character, their motivations, mannerisms, behaviour etc

  • Critical Appreciation
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7
Q

What is structure? (In English), and where can it be used?

A

The chronology and focus of different events - the way the text is laid out with sentence/paragraph lengths/styles

  • Critical Appreciation
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8
Q

What are the 4 sentence types?

A

Declarative
Imperative
Interrogative
Exclamatory

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9
Q

What is the equation to approximate a normal distribution from a binomial distribution?

A

Mean = np
SD = sqrt(np(1-p))

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10
Q

What is the equation to standardize a normal distribution?

A

z = x - mean / SD

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11
Q

What must you remember to do when using an approximated normal distribution?

A

Make a continuity correction of +- 0.5 on the limits

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12
Q

What is an intercalary chapter?

A

Chapter that doesn’t include main plot or story, but is conveying a message or something relevant to the main theme

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13
Q

What are Newton’s 3 Laws?

A

Law 1: An object will continue to be at rest or move with a constant velocity, unless a resultant force acts upon it
Law 2: Force is proportional to the rate of change of momentum
Law 3: When two objects interact, they exert an equal and opposite force on one another

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14
Q

If momentum and KE are preserved, is this an elastic or inelastic collision?

A

Elastic - all energy kept in the system

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15
Q

Newton’s second law states that force is proportional to…?

A

m(v-u)/t or change in momentum over time, or rate of change of momentum

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16
Q

Two weights are suspended one after the other by a bit of string. The bottom weight has 2kg mass and the top one has 1kg mass. The bottom weight falls with acceleration g, what is the acceleration of the top weight?

A

2g - momentum is conserved either way, so 1kg x 2g = 2kg x 1g

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17
Q

Name all the forces acting on a lift accelerating upwards

A

Downwards:
Gravity
Friction acting against movement

Upwards:
Tension in the cable
Acceleration against gravity

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18
Q

To calculate internal resistance, what do you need to know, and how do you get it?

A

Terminal P.D - do V = IR on any one component
E.M.F - usually given, or vice versa with Terminal P.D
Current through cell - add up current in all parallel branches (N/A if series, just take current value)
E = V + IR

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19
Q

What is the equation for number density?

A

Number of electrons/volume
Normal unit for volume = m^3

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20
Q

What is the actual significance of a hypothesis test?

A

The sum of P(The/Both critical region(s))

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21
Q

Define Potential Difference

A

Energy per unit charge

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22
Q

Define resistance

A

The voltage of a component divided by the current through it

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23
Q

Why does an electrical signal (EMS) travel through a conductor much, much faster than electrons?

A

The electrons travel at the mean drift velocity, while all EMS waves travel at the speed of light

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24
Q

To calculate energy in eV, from J, what do you do?

A

Divide J by elemental charge (1.6x10^-19)

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25
Q

What is the area under a Force/Time graph in a question about Newton’s Second Law?

A

Change in momentum, or impulse

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26
Q

True or False
- Kinetic energy is conserved in an inelastic collision
- Total energy is conserved in an inelastic collision

A
  • False
  • True (conservation of energy)
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27
Q

If a force/time graph is a flat line, how does the velocity vary?

A

Velocity will increase linearly, constant acceleration

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28
Q

What is the formula for P(A¦B)?

A

P(AnB)/P(B)

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29
Q

What is the formula for nCr?

A

n!/r!(n-r)!

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30
Q

What are Kirchhoff’s 1st and 2nd Laws?

A
  • Sum of current into a junction = sum of current out (conservation of charge)
  • Sum of EMF’s in a closed loop = sum of p.d’s (conservation of energy)
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31
Q

How do you calculate percentage error?

A

Actual - Theoretical/Theoretical (x100)

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32
Q

Define ‘coherence’

A

Phase difference is constant, same frequency
- The waves are not necessarily in perfect sync, just that the phase difference is constant

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33
Q

What is Archimedes Principle?

A

The upthrust on an object is equal to the weight of water displaced (not mass)

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34
Q

Define power

A

Rate of work done

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35
Q

Define the watt (W)

A

One joule/second (Power = Energy over time)

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36
Q

What is the threshold frequency?

A

The minimum Hz of a wave needed for it to be able to make an electron escape a metal (Energy is proportional to frequency)

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37
Q

What is the work function of a metal?

A

The minimum energy it requires for it to let an electron escape

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38
Q

Explain why the total energy of an electron is equal to the work function + Kinetic Energy

A

Any leftover energy from the energy needed to get an electron out of the metal is used to accelerate it

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39
Q

Derive the wave speed equation

A

In one second t, f waves are produced with wavelength lambda, the distance they travel in one second is wavelength x frequency = distance (m) x time (s^-1)

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40
Q

What are the wavelengths of the EM spectrum?

A

Radio - Above 0.1m
Microwaves - 0.1 -> x10^-3
IR - Above = x10^-3 -> 4x10-7
Visible - 4x10^-7 -> 7 x10^-7
UV - 7x10-7 -> x10^-8m
Xray - x10^-8 -> x10^-11
Gamma - x10^-11 and smaller

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41
Q

What are the 3 log laws?

A

log(a)x + log(a)(y) = log(a)(xy)
- Multiplication law

log(a)(x) - log(a)(y) = log(a)(x/y)
- Division law

log a(x^k) = k log(a)(x)
- Power law

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42
Q

How many electrons can one photon free from a metal?

A

One (no matter what the frequency or intensity is)

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43
Q

What do you do with uncertainties when:
- Adding/Subtracting
- Multiplying/Dividing
- Raising to a power

A
  • Add absolute uncertainties
  • Add percentage uncertainties
  • y^n = n x percentage uncertainty in y (multiply percentage uncertainty)
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44
Q

A 120W device transforms 5.8kWh of energy, how long is it on for?

A

kWh - kW x time in hours
W = Pt
0.12kW x hours = 5.8
5.8/0.12 gives time in hours, convert to seconds = 1.74x10^5

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45
Q

How much is one kWh in J?

A

Use the definition of the units used

kWh = kW (1000W) x hour (3600s)
so one 1kWh is 1000x3600 J, using W = Pt

= 3.6x10^6

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46
Q

What is the 0th Law of Thermodynamics?

A

If two systems are in thermal equilibrium with a 3rd system, they are in thermal equilibrium with each other

  • Net heat energy transfer at same temp = 0
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47
Q

Why is extrapolation unreliable?

A

It uses data not covered by the range, meaning there is no guarantee the trend continues past or before the known data

48
Q

What does increasing the intensity of light do to the photons?

A

There are more of them (so more electrons), NOT more energy per photon (so speed of emitted electrons does not change)

49
Q

What is the speed of transverse waves?

A

Not 3x10^8, it depends on the wave
- All EM waves are transverse, but not all transverse waves are EM

50
Q

What is the classification criteria for low mass stars?

A

Greater than or equal to 0.5 solar masses, but less than 10 solar masses

51
Q

What are the differences and similarities between a comet and a planet?

A

A comet is an irregular shape, smaller than a planet and has a more elliptical orbit
Both orbit the sun

52
Q

Given the specific heat capacity equation, how can you use it and a temp/time graph to find the SHC of a material?

A

E = mcT
E = Pt
so, dividing by time on both sides
E/t = mc x T/t
P = mc x T/t
where you can rearrange to find c, and T/t is just y/x on the graph = gradient

53
Q

What is the relationship between Intensity and Amplitude?

A

I = kA^2 (k is just a constant)

54
Q

How do you write the normal distribution when dealing with a sample mean?

A

SD becomes SD/sqrt(n) all squared

  • Even if you use this, if it isn’t written in the distribution you get no marks
55
Q

What is the summary statistic Sxx?

A

It can replace the numerator in the standard deviation formula
Makes sqrt(Sxx/n)

56
Q

When finishing a hypothesis testing question, what do you have to remember to do?

A

Write a conclusive statement with specific context from the question, making sure to write what the result means for the context

  • eg ‘…, the farmer should change seeds, etc etc’
  • One mark out of 4 or 5 dropped if not included
57
Q

What is the equation for phase difference?

A

PD = (x/wavelength) x 360 or 2pi

  • x is the distance between two points
58
Q

If two particles have a phase difference of 180 degrees/pi rad, what does that mean?

A

They are completely out of phase

  • If two coherent waves have a phase difference of 180 degrees, then they will destructively interfere
59
Q

What happens to both the KE and potential energy as a substance:
- Heats up
- Undergoes state change

A

Heating:
- KE up
- Potential up

State change:
- KE constant
- Potential up

60
Q

Is the Joule an SI unit?

A

No
- W=Fx, so the Joule is the Nm, which can be broken down further with F=ma

61
Q

What is the formula, in radians, for:
- Arc length
- Area of a segment

A
  • L=Or
  • A = 1/2(Or^2)

Area comes from (2pi)(r^2) x O/2pi

62
Q

What is the average mass of a neutron star?

A

2M0

63
Q

What is the Chandrasekhar limit?

A

1.44M0

64
Q

In what order should you write a critical appreciation?

A

Chronologically, in order to find shifts/patterns

65
Q

What is Boyle’s Law?

A

(P1)(V1) = (P2)(V2)

66
Q

What is Gay-Lussac’s Law?

A

P1/T1 = P2/T2

67
Q

What is Charles’ Law?

A

V1/T1 = V2/T2

68
Q

What are the 2 ideal gas equations?

A

PV = nRT
- N is the number of moles, R is the gas constant

(P1)(V1)/T1 = (P2)(V2)/T2
- For before/after questions on gases

69
Q

What is the gas constant?

A

8.314

70
Q

What is the grating equation?

A

d x sin(x) = n x lambda

  • d is the distance between slits
  • x is the angle produced by light, measured normal to the slits
  • n x lambda is the amount of wavelengths of path difference eg 1st order maxima = 1 wavelength path difference
71
Q

For the lambda is proportional to 1/T equation (Stars), what is the constant that replaces 1 to make a proper equation?

A

2.9x10^-3

  • Has to be memorized
72
Q

When given a displacement vector, how would you calculate velocity?

A

Velocity = displacement/time so you can divide the given (or otherwise calculated) vector by the time = produces a velocity vector (which can then be used with Pythagoras to find magnitude)

73
Q

When working with displacements with vectors, what do you need to remember to include when calculating final displacement?

A

Add the initial displacement onto your equations

74
Q

What quarks are protons and neutrons made of? What about electrons?

A

Proton = U+U+D
Neutron = D+D+U
Electron = Fundamental, is a lepton

75
Q

What is beta plus and beta minus decay?

A

Beta plus = a proton becomes a neutron and a positron, with a neutrino

Beta minus = a neutron becomes an electron and a proton, with an antineutrino

76
Q

What do the baryon number and strange number mean?

A

Baryon number:
1 = is a baryon
0 = isn’t a baryon
-1 = anti-baryon

Strange number: (opposite of above)
1 = anti-strange
0 = isn’t strange
-1 = strange

77
Q

What is the equation used to relate the refractive index and angle across two mediums?

A

n x sin(theta) (material 1) = n x sin(theta) (material 2)

  • NOT on equation sheet, is from the nsin(theta) = constant equation, this constant is the same no matter the material or angle so you can put two materials together in one equation
78
Q

For an object travelling at constant speed up a ramp, pulled by a rope, what force does no work on the object?

A

Normal contact force - does not cause the object to move up, the tension causes motion up the ramp even though there is constant velocity

79
Q

What is an atomic mass unit defined as?

A

1/12 of the mass of a neutral Carbon-12 atom

80
Q

What is the rough size of the:
- Diameter of the nucleus?
- Diameter of the atom?

A
  • 1x10^-14 m
  • 1x10^-10 m
81
Q

What is the nucleon number?

A

Another word for the mass number, protons + neutrons

82
Q

Name all types of leptons

A

Electron, tau and muon
- And their corresponding neutrinos

83
Q

Define ‘interference’ (waves)

A

The superposition of coherent waves

  • ‘Interaction’ scores 0 marks
84
Q

Sketch a Hertzsprung-Russell diagram, with labels

A

See internet for correct diagram

85
Q

For lambda = ax/D, what are all the variables?

A

a = separation between fringes of light
x = separation between slits
D = distance from slits to screen

86
Q

Are there any values where the graphs of sec and cosec are undefined?

A

Yes, between -1 and 1 (where the sin and cos graphs go)

87
Q

What is the difference between the frequency and the fundamental frequency of a standing wave?

A

The fundamental frequency is the frequency of the wave, assuming the lowest possible node and antinode numbers

88
Q

For a system in equilbrium, what should the vector diagram arrows look like?

A

They should all point around in a circle

89
Q

A 12N object is 60% submerged in water, and is at rest. What is the upthrust exerted on the block?

A

12N - the weight must be balanced out by a 12N force, otherwise the block would not be at rest

90
Q

For an object dropped vertically downwards from rest, does it’s acceleration increase or decrease over time?

A

Decrease, as air resistance acts against gravity, eventually leading to zero acceleration (terminal velocity)

  • If no air resistance, then acceleration is a constant no matter what
91
Q

Which direction does light bend when going through a denser medium?

A

Light moves slower, so will bend towards the normal

92
Q

What is the proof for the sum of an arithmetic series?

A

Write terms of sequence

a, (a+d), (a+2d)…etc… (a+(n-3)d [3rd to last], (a+(n-2)d) , (a+(n-1)d) [last]

  • Then write the same in reverse and add these two lists up (helps to write it vertically and add across)
  • Every addition = 2a(n-1)d , because adding d means to move one up the sequence
  • If there are n terms, then 2Sn = n(2a(n-1)d)
  • Divide by 2 to get the full formula for Sn
93
Q

What is the interpretation of Nora from Janet McTeer’s character of her?

A

Nora doesn’t have a sudden moment of realisation, rather she realises she has been acting her whole life, and decides to stop

94
Q

What is the Durbach interpretation of Nora? What is an interpretation that disagrees with it?

A

Nora is an everyman character, she represents us all (humanist)

  • Disagree = Joan Templeton - Ibsen is ‘patently concerned with the woman question’ (feminist)
95
Q

What are the formulae for:

  • Nth term of a arithmetic and geometric sequence
  • A formula to calculate the common ratio of a geometric sequence
A

A = U(n) = a + (n-1)d
G = U(n) = ar^(n-1)

  • U2/U1, or any term divided by the term before it
96
Q

What is Possin’s interpretation of journeys in American Literature?

A

Journeys can be mental or spiritual (for example Tom Joad)

97
Q

What is Steinbeck’s interpretation of journeys in American Literature?

A

Americans are inherntly restless, and desire change/ a journey

  • People are never satisfied, and always pursue more
98
Q

What is Freese’s interpretation of journeys in American Literature?

A

There are 3 types of journey

  • An escape from a place with casual motivation
  • A search for a particular place with a final motivation
  • An aimless movement between two places with inherent motivation
99
Q

What is Bluefarb’s interpretation of journey’s in American Literature?

A

All people need to embark on a physical journey to reach a spiritual destination

100
Q

What is the proof for the sum of a geometric series?

A

S(n) = a + ar + ar^2 … + ar^(n-1)

  • Multiply all by r :

rS(n) = ar + ar^2 + ar^3 … + ar^n

S(n) - rS(n) = a - ar^n
- Because all terms apart from a and ar^n are cancelled out when subtracting

S(n) x (1-r) = a(1-r^n)

S(n) = (a(1-r^n)) / (1-r)

101
Q

What is Binding Energy?

A

The energy required to seperate protons and neutrons from each other in a nucleus

  • NOT the energy keeping them together
  • The component nucleons have more mass when apart because we have to do work to them (binding energy) to seperate them
    • Mass = Energy so the seperate nucleons are more massive
102
Q

How can you calculate the absolute uncertainty for ln(x) ?

A

Absolute in x / x

  • Eg 3 +- 0.2 –> ln(3) +- (0.2/3)
103
Q

Who said that Hamlet is ‘lost in labyrinths of thought’? What time period was he from?
What did Coleridge say?

A

Schlegel - he was a Romantic

Coleridge said that Hamlet has ‘an almost enourmous intellectual activity’ - he was also a Romantic

104
Q

Who said about Hamlet that he ‘does not think too much, but thinks too well’?

A

Bloom - this agrees with Nietzsche, who said that ‘knowledge kills action’

105
Q

What did Hamlet critic Hallam say?

A

That the ‘central, critical problem’ is Hamlet’s inaction

106
Q

What is the p value in correlation questions?

A

The probability that any given sample has an equal to or greater pmcc value than the one given in the question

eg p = 0.01 and r = 0.5 –> P(lrl > 0.5) = 0.01

107
Q

What was Battenhouse’s (Christian critic) interpretation on Hamlet and the ghost?

Which critic disagrees with Battenhouse?

What did Dover Wilson say?

What did Bradley say?

A

The most important question in the play is the intentions of the ghost, and Hamlet never truly tries to answer it.
- Bradshaw says that Hamlet is contstantly questioning the ghost

The nature of the ghost remains unknown the entire play

The ghost is a divine messenger of justice, and Hamlet’s questioning is just him making excuses for his inaction

108
Q

What did Visser say on the ending of Grapes?

A

That the political message of the book is lessened by the lack of a proletariat uprising

109
Q

What do the metal brushes do in a generator?

A

They maintain constant contact between the rings of the generator and the wires

110
Q

What is the arcminute and arcsecond?

A

60 arcminute = 1 degree
1 arcminute = 60 arcseconds

111
Q

Define the parsec, and how would you calculate it?

A

1 pc = the distance between a circle of radius 1AU, that has an angle of 1 arcsecond with the horizontal

  • Forms a triangle with an angle of 1 arcsecond, a vertical of 1AU (the radius of the circle) and a horizontal length of 1pc
  • Calculate with trig
112
Q

What equation links d and p in cosmology?
What are d and p?

A

d = distance between stars in pc
p = angle of parallax (angle Earth and the star make with the horizontal) in arcseconds

113
Q

FAMOUS WRITS

A

Foreshadowing
Allusion
Metaphor/simile
Overall structure
Uncertainty
Symbolism

Wordplay
Revenge tragedy conventions
Irony (eg dramatic)
Tension
Soliloquy

  • Doesn’t matter what order, haven’t got to include all
114
Q

What does Spangler say about Steinbeck?

A

‘Steinbeck entirely smashes the notion of the American Dream’

115
Q

What does Callahan say about the ‘Roaring Twenties’?
What did he say about Fitzgerald?

A

They were a ‘schizophrenic decade’

Fitzgerald “embodied the polarities of American experience: success and failure, illusion and disillusion, dream and nightmare”

116
Q

What did Rickett say about the Outsider?

A

There are three types of outsider:
- Excluded from society
- Disaffected by society
- Someone who tries and fails to assimilate.

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