Random Q set 4 Flashcards
What is the best way to visualize spirochetes, such as treponema pallidum, for diagnosis?
with dark field microscopy
will show helical motile organisms
What is effect modification?
when the outcome of the main exposure is modified by another variable
NOT a confounder or a bias
What do the elderly on the tea & toast diet sometimes get?
Scurvy–vit C deficiency
Vit C is needed as cofactor for the hydroxylation of proline & lysine residues of collagen in the Rough ER
Symptoms–gingival bleeding, petechiae, ecchymosis, corkscrew hairs
When endometrial cells die off…which death process do they undergo?
apoptosis
Why are patients with silicosis at increased risk for TB?
macrophages take in silica particles that damage them
more susceptible to TB
What is the difference b/w empathy & support?
empathy–try to walk in their shoes & really understand
support–acknowledge the difficulty for the person, be there for them
What is the presentation of congenital hypothyroidism?
hypotonia-floppy poor feeding jaundice macroglossia constipation umbilical hernia can develop into MR
What is the site of protrusion, lower border, medial border for direct & indirect inguinal hernias?
Direct: Site--Hesselbach Triangle Lower--inguinal ligament Medial--rectus abdominis Lateral--inferior epigastric vessels Indirect: Site--deep inguinal ring Lower--inguinal ligament Medial--inferior epigastric vessels
Which type of hernia can be felt with deep palpation of the external inguinal ring w/ the tip of the finger? Or they can be in the scrotum…
Indirect Inguinal hernia
What type of injury does ulnar nerve damage cause? What are 2 ways to damage the ulnar nerve?
claw hand
- *thru Guyon’s canal
- *hook of the hamate & pisiform bone
How does chloroquine & primaquine treat malaria?
chloroquine–works on erythrocytic forms of plasmodium
primaquine–fights the latent stage of Pvivax & Povale in the liver
What do central chemoreceptors respond to? Peripheral chemoreceptors?
Central–medulla, respond to pH
Peripheral–carotid & aortic bodies, respond to hypoxemia or hypercapnia
Describe some of the symptoms that can occur with large vessel arteritis.
headache
craniofacial pain
polymyalgia rheumatica
sudden vision loss
What is mucormycosis?
opportunistic infection
caused by Rhizopus, Mucor, or Absidia
paranasal sinuses infected
fungi are broad nonseptate hyphae that branch at right angles
What are the symptoms of cardiac tamponade?
hypotension tachycardia elevated central venous pressure--JVD muffled cardiac sounds systolic drops 10 mmHg during inspiration
How does anorexia affect the cardiovascular system?
hypotension hypothermia bradycardia cardiac atrophy cardiomyopathy arrhythmias
What is the only safe place to make an injection into the buttocks?
the superolateral quadrant, miss the superior gluteal nerve & the sciatic nerve.
Give the important characteristics of multiple myeloma.
plasma cells in bone marrow
amyloid formation b/c of monoclonal immunoglobulin light chains
normocytic & normochromic anemia
hypercalcemia & bone resorption
Renal failure b/c of amyloid & plasma cells
Lytic lesions, Bence-Jones proteins, apple-green birefringence on Congo red stain
What is the concept of heteroplasmy?
the coexistence of mutated & wild type versions of mitochondrial genomes in a given cell
Diseases of mitochondrial inheritance can be expressed differently in different people.
What is the MOA of acyclovir in the treatment of herpes?
activated by viral thymidine kinase
viral DNA pol takes it up to make more DNA & synthesis is terminated
nucleoside analog
What is a good initial treatment for alcohol withdrawal?
benzodiazepines that are long-acting stimulate the inhibitory action of GABAa receptors (the same as alcohol)
Ex: diazepam, chlordiazepoxide
What are the characteristics of syringomyelia?
central cystic dilation in cervical spinal cord at the level of C8-T1 usually.
causes upper extremity loss of pain & temp sensation & weakness & hyporeflexia
lower extremity hyperreflexia & weakness
What is the MOA of thiazolidinediones, such as pioglitazone? Side effects?
PPAR gamma activated
side effect: fluid retention, can exacerbate CHF
What are the things that warfarin therapy inhibits?
factors 2, 7, 9, 10
Protein C & S (bad b/c these are naturally anticoagulant)
Statins are metabolized by CYP 450 3A4. What are some inhibitors of this?
cimetidine ciprofloxacin erythromycin (a macrolide) azole antifungals grapefruit juice isoniazid ritonavir
