Random Planning Knowledge Flashcards
How many acres of agricultural land are lost per year in the US?
2.2 million
How many acres of reservation land are there, and which is the largest?
56 million acres of reservation land in federal trust, the Navajo reservation is the largest at 16 million acres
How many reservations are there?
275
What percent of US waterways are impaired?
40%
When was the United States Geological Survey (USGS) founded and what was its purpose?
1879, to survey public lands
When was the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) established and what was its purpose?
1933, multipurpose planning for redevelopment of Tennessee River Valley
What is the largest damn in the US, and when was it built?
Grand Coulee Dam on the Columbia River in Washington, 1941
When was the Clean Air Act passed and what was its purpose?
Multiple acts passed in 1963 and 1970. Intended to reduce air pollution nationwide. Established National Ambien Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) that measure levels of various pollutants
When was the Coastal Zone Management Act passed and what was its purpose?
Passed by an act of Congress in 1972 to encourage coastal states to develop and implement coastal zone management plans (CZMPs)
When was the modern version of the Clean Water Act passed, and what was its purpose?
1972 (predecessor enacted in 1948). Objective is to restore and maintain the chemical, physical, and biological integrity of the nation’s waters; provide assistance to states to do address pollution, including wastewater treatment and wetland protection/maintenance.
Which 1975 Act established the Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) standards and what was its objective?
The Energy Policy Conservation Act, passed after the 1973-74 Arab Oil Embargo. Objective was to improve the average fuel economy of cars produced in US
When was ISTEA passed and what was its purpose?
The Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act was passed in 1991. Its objective was to develop a national intermodal surface transportation system, authorizing funds for construction of highways and mass transit programs
What is effluent?
Treated wastewater discharged into surface waters by sewer treatment plant
What is the process of eutrophication?
Eutrophication is when the nutrient enrichment of water, such as nitrogen and phosphorous, leads to algae blooms and a dead zone in the water
How many square feet are in an acre?
43,560 square feet
How many acres in a hectare?
2.47 (a hectare is 10,000 square meters)
Where was the first urban growth boundary?
Lexington and Fayette Co, KY
What is an Adequate Public Facilities Ordinance?
A growth management method to tie public infrastructure to growth for a region - can limit development when appropriate infrastructure is not in place. For example, Golden v. Planning Board of Ramapo.
What is a floating zone?
A zoning district that delineates conditions which must be met before that zoning district can be approved for an existing piece of land. Can be used to plan for future land uses that are anticipated or desired in the community, but are not confirmed, such as affordable housing, shopping centers, and urban development projects.
What is a LULU?
A Locally Undesirable Land Use (LULU) is a necessary but objectionable land use, such as a landfill, often located in poor communities
Which 1966 Act authorized the Model Cities Program, and what was the purpose of the program?
Demonstration Cities and Metropolitan Development Act. A new approach to fighting poverty that emphasized social programs as well as physical renewal, and sought to coordinate government agencies. Successfully fostered a new generation of mostly Black urban leaders.
What is an Empowerment Zone/Enterprise Zone?
An economically distressed community eligible to receive tax incentives and grants from the federal government under the Empowerment Zones and Enterprise Communities Act of 1993
What is Growth Machine Theory and who proposed it?
Logan and Molotch proposed it in their 1987 book “Urban Fortunes: The Political Economy of Place.” It assumes growth is controlled by an elite group of land-based interests, whose manipulation of land serves to increase the property values of land holders in the growth coalition
Approximately how many gallons of water does a person in the US use each day?
60
How many feet should a gravity feed water tank be above its distribution area?
70
On average, how many lbs of solid waste does a person generate per day?
4.4
What was the purpose of the 1996 Telecommunications Act?
To increase competition in communications and streamline installation of cell towers, gave communications companies preemption powers over localities and eminent domain powers
What is an MPO?
A Metropolitan Planning Organization is required for urbanized areas with 50k+ population to carry out transportation planning process.
When and where was the first subway in the US built?
Boston, 1897
When was TEA-21 passed and what was its purpose?
The Transportation Equality Act for 21-Century was passed in 1998, succeeding ISTEA. New initiatives include environmental protection, safety, economic growth, emphasized transit, continued planning process for roads/transit, continued enhancement program
When was SAFETEA-LU passed and what was its purpose?
The Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient Transportation Equity Act: A Legacy for Users was passed in 2005, succeeding TEA-21. It was the largest surface transportation allocation in US history, had a Highway Safety Improvement Program to keep up with repair and reconstruction of aging infrastructure
When was MAP-21 passed and what was its purpose?
The Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Century Act was passed in 2012, succeeding SAFETEA-LU. It consolidated the number of funding programs, reformed environmental review process to speed up project development, funding for bike-ped reduced and consolidated into “Transportation Alternatives.”, national freight policy will be developed, tolling on federal highways is reformed.
When was FAST passed and what was its purpose?
Fixing America’s Surface Transportation Act was passed in 2015. Mixed bag- allows local planners to set their own street design standards when receiving federal funding, it did not raise the gas tax.
What Transportation Act was first to present a multimodal approach to transportation?
ISTEA (1991)
What was the first National Park and when was it established?
Yellowstone, established in 1872 by President Grant.
What does an Input-Output Analysis measure?
Measures what is used locally and what is exported.
What does a Market Share Analysis measure?
Tracks local share of regional market for goods/services to determine if local share is growing, declining, or stable
What does a Retail Market Analysis measure?
Estimates how much retail space will be required by community in future and types of retail
What does a Shift-Share Analysis measure?
Compares/contrasts growth rates among industrial sectors
Describe a Community Shopping Center.
100-450k sq ft with department store or discount store as anchor.
Describe a Neighborhood Shopping Center.
30-100k sq ft convenience goods and personal services.
Describe a Regional Shopping Center.
300-1000k sq ft variety of general merchandise, apparel, furniture
What is Tax Increment Financing?
Use increase in tax revenues from new development for public improvements to finance project retroactively
What did the 1933 Public Works Administration do?
Provided 85 percent of the cost of public housing projects. This was the first federally supported public housing program.
What did the 1977 Urban Development Action Grant do?
Promoted public-private partnerships for the redevelopment of urban areas. It also required intergovernmental cooperation in the placement of projects.
What did the 1977 Community Reinvestment Act do?
Anti-discrimination law required banks to make sure they were providing mortgage loans in economically distressed areas, intended to stop redlining
What is an Enterprise/Empowerment Zone?
Empowerment Zones are designated areas of high poverty and unemployment that benefit from tax incentives provided to businesses. The Enterprise Zone Program is designed to offer tax incentives to businesses that expand their workforce at facilities located in a designated, usually impoverished area.
Where and when was the first historic preservation commission?
Vieux Carre (French Quarter) in New Orleans, 1921
When and where was the first historic preservation ordinance?
Charleston, SC, 1931
Andres Duany
Advocate for New Urbanism and neotraditional design, higher density with mixed use and alternative transportation - Seaside, FL
