Random Facts Flashcards
MC form of CA?
Metastatic Disease
What is Metastatic Disease?
Cancer that develops from somewhere else in the body.
What percentage of malignancies come from Metastatic Disease?
75%
What is the MC primary malignant tumor in adults?
Multiple Myeloma
Where does multiple myeloma originate from?
bone
what is the MC primary malignant tumor in kids?
osteosarcoma
where does an osteosarcoma originate from?
bone
What is the MC benign osseous tumor?
osteochondroma
what is the MC benign spinal tumor?
hemangioma
what is the MC tumor of bone, that does not originate in the bone?
Leukemia
What type of marrow do tumors MC grow in?
red bone marrow
where is red marrow located?
axial skeleton. – when we are born, all bones contain red marrow, as we age, it changes to yellow (fatty marrow). The change begins in the hands and feet.
what does neoplasia mean?
new, uncontrolled growth of cells.
Most bone neoplasia have a certain predilection to involve certain areas of body, what are those areas?
- Hemopoietic tissue ( red blood cell forming tissue)
- notochordal remnants
- areas of rapid bone growth
- abundance of interosseous nerves
what is the only type of tumor to form in the end of the bone (the epiphyseal region)
chondroblastoma
3 types of bone destruction
- geographic
- moth-eaten
- permeative
Which types of bone destruction indicate a malignant tumor?
Moth-eaten and permeative
What are the characteristics of geographic bone destruction? (5)
- least aggressive pattern
- usually a solitary lesion > 1cm
- indicative of a slow growing lesion
- short zone of transition
- margin is well defined, can be smooth or lobulated
NOTE: if a geographic is not well defined, it may be aggressive and malignant. If it is well defined, it is a “leave me alone”
Characteristics of Moth-eaten bone pattern (4)
- moderate degree of aggressiveness
- numerous small holes (2-5 mm)
- *longer zone of transition ( geographic pattern has short)
- margins are not well defined ( geographic lesions are well defined)
Characteristics of Permeative Bone Destruction (4)
- Most aggressive growing lesion
- numerous small holes (1 mm)– moth eaten has larger holes.
- wide zone of transition
- poorly demarcated or imperceptible boarders
Cortical changes that indicate a tumor (5)
- buttressing/ thickening
- endosteal scalloping
- splitting or tunneling
- thinning with or without expansion
- penetration with or without periosteal reaction
Patterns of Periosteal Reactions (5)
- buttressing
- single layer
- multiple layer (onion skinning)
- spiculated
- Codman’s triangle
What is the most aggressive form of periosteal reactions?
Codman’s Triangle
What is a complex periosteal reaction?
has multiple types of periosteal reactions happening.
What is buttressing?- what is it’s AKA, what type of lesion is it associated with?
Buttressing Periosteal Reaction: AKA solid periosteal reaction.
- when additional layers of new bone are ADDED to the exterior, creating an expanded osseous contour.
- usually associated with SLOW growing lesions.
What are Laminated/Layered/ Onion skin Periosteal Reactions?
- multiple layers of new layers of bone
- alternating layers of lucency and opacity with growth
- can be thin or thick.
What type of lesion is a Laminated reaction associated with?
Can be seen with slow or aggressive lesions.
Commonly assiciated with Ewing’s sarcoma
What type of lesion is classically associated with Ewing’s Sarcoma?
Laminated lesion
What is a Spiculated lesion, and what is it commonly associated with?
when perpendicular to bone: “hair on end”
when radiating from a single point: “sunburst
-often associated with highly aggressive lesions like Osteosarcoma
What is Codman’s Triangle, and what is it commonly associated with?
triangular elevation of periosteum seen at the peripheral lesion-cortex junction.
- it is one of the most aggressive forms of periosteal reactions
- may also be seen with benign tumors, infections or other disorders.
What are the 6 Categories of a Tumor Matrix?
- osseous
- fibrous
- vascular
- muscular
- cartilaginous
- other
Which types of tumor matrix will look like a hole in the bone on xray?
firbous, vascular, muscular, cartilaginous.
all types but osseous, because that will just look like bone
What are the tumors with a cartilage matrix?
- enchondroma
- osteochondroma
- chondroblastoma
- chrondomyxoid fibroma
- chondrosarcoma
what are the 3 types of appearances that cartilaginous tumors can have?
- ring or arc like (c-shape inside a hole in bone)
- flocculent–combo of rings and dots
- small crystals–white dots
