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Endo > Random Endo Facts > Flashcards

Random Endo Facts Flashcards

1
Q

Dopamine

A

= PIH = prolactin inhibitor hormone

-when released from the neurosecretory cells of the hypothalamus it works on the anterior pituitary to inhibit prolactin release

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2
Q

Somatostatin

A

= GHIH = growth hormone inhibitory hormone

-when released from the neurosecretory cells of the hypothalamus it works on the anterior pituitary to inhibit GH release

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3
Q

What causes Cushing’s disease?

A

ACTH secreting tumor

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4
Q

Which endocrine gland is helpful for orientating oneself on a CT scan?

A

Pineal gland (secretes melatonin to regulate circadian rhythm). Is calcified (due to “brain sand”) and is therefore visible on CT

-lies posterior to the pituitary gland in the 3rd ventricle of the brain

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5
Q

Which endocrine gland specifically accumulates fat w/ age

A

parathyroid gland- adiposity increases w/ age

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6
Q

What is considered the major metabolic hormone?

A

T3

-b/c it targets virtually every tissue

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7
Q

What is the worldwide most common cause of goiter?

A

idoine deficiency

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8
Q

Why was cortisol named a glucocorticoid?

A

B/c it stimulates gluconeogenesis in the liver (get it…gluco…)

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9
Q

Are deficiencies in the following hormones considered medical emergencies?

a) thyroid hormone
b) cortisol

A

Deficiency of thyroid hormone is not a medical emergency (not lethal short-term) while cortisol insufficiency is a medical emergency

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10
Q

When is the growth hormone level highest?

A

At night while you’re sleeping

-so mother was right when she said if you don’t sleep it’ll stunt your growth!

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11
Q

What is the correction factor for calcium levels when albumin is low?

Ex] what is the corrected serum calcium if calcium is originally measured at 6.6 mg/dl and albumin is measured at 2 g/dl

A

For every 1 g/dl drop in albumin, increase serum calcium by .8

Ex] Normal albumin is 4 g/dl => need to correct by a factor of 2 (.8)
=> corrected calcium is 6.6 + 1.6 = 8.2 mg/dl

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12
Q

If they ask what an increase in CBG (cyroglobulin binding protein) concentration will do to serum free cortisol what answer are they looking for?

A

That long term it will not change the serum free cortisol => it will not affect the serum free cortisol

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13
Q

What is PIP2 broken down into?

A

PIP2 –> IP3 + DAG

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14
Q

Pretibial myxedema

A

Physical exam finding in Graves’ (autoimmune hyperthyroid)

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15
Q

What chromosome is the MEN2A gene located on?

A

Chromosome 10

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16
Q

What disorder is most commonly associated w/ SIADH?

A

SIADH = syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion

Associated w/ small cell undifferentiated carcinoid of the thyroid

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17
Q

What’s more common- parathyroid adenoma or parathyroid hyperplasia ?

A

Parathyroid adenoma causes 85% of primary hyperparathyroidism, while parathyroid hyperplasia is only about 10%

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18
Q

What is the most common cause of primary hyperparathyroidism?

A

Parathyroid adenoma

-only in one gland (hence why adenoma and not hyperplasia)

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19
Q

Which thyroid carcinoma has the best prognosis?

A

Papillary

20
Q

What is the most common cause of a midline cyst of the neck?

A

Thyroglossal duct cyst

-congenital, from a persistent thyroglossal duct

21
Q

Most common cardiac change seen in Graves’

A

Hypertrophied and dilated heart

22
Q

Adenoma of which endocrine organ is most commonly associated w/ pathologic fractures?

A

Parathyroid adenoma

-constantly high PTH => constant bone resorption

23
Q

Which functioning neoplasm of the thyroid is most likely to be functional?

A

Medullary carcinoma of the thyroid

-part of MEN2A and MEN2B

24
Q

When serum calcium is about what will PTH start getting secreted?

A

Below 7.5 mg/dl

Recall: normal serum calcium is 8.5-10.5 mg/dl

25
Q

When serum calcium is about what will calcitonin start getting secreted?

A

Above about 11 mg/dl

26
Q

If measured total calcium is normal, how can you estimate active calcium?

A

Divide it by two

Ex] if calcium measured to be 9, you can estimate ionized calcium to be about 4.5 mg/dl

27
Q

Are the following symptoms of hypo- or hyper- calcemia

a) tetany
b) polyuria
c) arrhythmia
d) depression
e) heart failure
f) bradycardia
g) muscle weakness
h) muscle cramps
i) paresthesias
j) laryngospasm
k) coma
l) seizures

A

Hypo- vs. hyper- calcemia

a) tetany = hypo
b) polyuria = hyper (calcium causes osmotic diuresis)
c) arrhythmia = hyper
d) depression = hypo
e) heart failure = hypo
f) bradycardiac = hyper
g) muscle weakness = hyper
h) muscle cramps = hypo
i) paresthesias (numbness/tingling) = hypo
j) laryngospasm = hypo
k) coma = hyper
j) seizures = hypo

28
Q

Name two places where alk phos is secreted? How to distinguish origin?

A

Alk phos made by gall bladder (biliary) and bone. Measure GGT to distinguish location.

High alk phos + high GGT = gall bladder damage
High alk phos + low GGT = bone resorption occurring

29
Q

Cause of high PTH w/ high urinary Ca2+

A

primary hyperparathyroidism

30
Q

Cause of high PTH w/ low urinary Ca2+

A

familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia

-mutation in calcium sensor on chief (parathyroid) cell that requires a higher concentration of Ca2+ to inhibit PTH secretion

31
Q

Cause of low PTH w/ elevated PTHrP

A

Malignancy

  • tumor (often lung, breast, colon) metastasized that secretes PTHrp = PTH related protein
  • low PTH w/ high calcium
32
Q

Cause of low PTH w/ elevated calcidiol

A

excessive dietary intake of calcium or vitamin D

-vitamin D toxicity

33
Q

Cause of high PTH w/ elevated calcitriol yet normal calcidiol

A

Ectopic production of calcitriol

ex: granuloma from Tb, fungal infection, sarcoidosis

34
Q

What two medications are associated w/ causing hypercalcemia? Describe the mechanism?

A

Thiazide diuretics (HCTZ) and lithium

-both cause hyperplasia of the parathryoid => increased PTH

35
Q

Possible change which serum electrolyte by thiazide diuretics?

A

Hypercalcemia by causing parathyroid hyperplasia => increased bone resorption

36
Q

Possible serum electrolyte side effect of lithium?

A

Hypercalcemia due to lithium causing parathyroid hyperplasia

37
Q

2 negative effects of primary hyperparathyroidism

A
  • osteoporosis due to the constant bone resorption

- kidney stones due to the constantly high calcium

38
Q

What’s the most common cause of primary hyperparathyroidism?

A

Parathryoid adenoma

39
Q

What is the best treatment for primary hyperparathyroidism?

A

Surgery! remove the adenoma or hyperplastic gland (first do imaging to localize which gland is the problem)

40
Q

Risk of osteoporosis from familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia

A

Same as the rest of the population b/c unlike hypercalcemia due to primary hyperparathryoidism, the high serum calcium is not coming from bone resorption- instead it’s coming from increased calcium reabsorption by the kidney

41
Q

Synthroid

A

= levothyroxine = L-tyroxine = T4

-medication given to replace thyroid hormone

42
Q

Chvostek’s sign

A

Physical exam finding indicative of hypocalcemia

43
Q

Trousseau’s sign

A

Physical exam finding indicative of hypocalcemia

44
Q

What is the first thing you do when you get a measurement of low serum calcium?

A

Test serum albumin, b/c if low than total calcium can be low w/o ionized calcium being low (so pt needs albumin replacement not Ca2+ replacement)

45
Q

What endocrine deficiency is consistent w/ hypocalcemia but normal phosphate levels

A

hypoparathyroidism

-PTH doesn’t increase phosphate levels

46
Q

What is the most likely cause of hypocalcemia with:

  • low phosphate
  • high PTH
A

vitamin D deficiency

Endo (4 decks)

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