Random Drugs stuff! Flashcards
MoA of Zolpidem and its use
- Potentiate GABA-A at same site as BZD.
- Used to treat insomnia
Possible SEs of Pethidine
- N-demethylated in the liver to norpethidine: Hallucinogenic, convulsant
- Restlessness rather than sedation
- Parasympatholytic: Dry mouth, blur vision
- No miosis, less pasm of smooth muscle
Possible disease modifying effect of Selegiline
Delay nigral brain cell degeneration in PD
MoA of Pergolide, and one of its significant SE
- Dopamine agonist for PD
- Restrictive valvular heart disease
Short term SEs of Levodopa
- Nausea
- Vomiting
- Postural Hypotension
Describe the following for Nalmefene:
- MoA
- Dosage Route
- Duration of Action
- MoA: Opioid Antagonist
- Dosage route: IV
- Duration of Action: long-acting
A unique SE of morphine that is not observed in other opioids
Trigger histamine release:
- Urticaria, itch
- Bronchoconstriction
- Hypotension
MoA of Haloperidol
D2 antagonist
MoA of Fluphenazine and its usage
D2 antagonist. Used as antipsychotic
MoA of Trifluoperazine and its usage
D2 antagonist. Used as antipsychotic
Core MoA of Olanzapine
Serotonin-Dopamine antagonism
Significant SE of Carbamazepine
Aplastic Anemia
Unlike Fluoxetine, what is the SE that Citalopram has, and why is this so?
- Citalopram can cause sedation
- Due to histamine receptor antagonism
Effect of BZD overdose, and drug that can reverse the effect.
- Severe respiratory depression
- Antidote: Flumazenil
Drug that can treat sexual dysfunction caused by Venlafaxine
Cyproheptidine
Describe the selectivity of amisulpride. Hence what are its adverse effects?
Selectivity: D2/D3 receptors
Adverse effect: Increased prolactin secretion (blocked dopamine recetors in anterior pituitary gland:
- Breast swell, pain, lactate
- Males: Gynaecomastia
MoA of Pregabalin and its use. What SE is it associated with?
- MoA: GABA analogue + Ca channel antagonist
- Use: GAD, anticonvulsant
- Associated with emergence of worsening of suicidal thoughts
MoA of Valproate
- Block Na and Ca channels
- GABA transaminase inhibitor
How does Clozapine produce less EPS?
High D4 to D2 antagonism: Favour actions on prefrontal cortex over striatum
MoA of Tolcapone
COMT inhibitor
Bupivacaine is more _____ than most other LAs
Cardiotoxic
Purpose of using Propanolol in GAD
Treat performance anxiety and social phobias
MoA of Bupropion
NDRI (NA-Dopamine reuptake inhibitor)
MoA of Buspirone. Onset of anxiolytic effect?
- Serotonin 5-HT1A partial agonist
- Dopamine receptor antagonist
Onset: 1-2 weeks
What is O-toluidine? What is its effect? How to reverse?
- Metabolite of Prilocaine
- Causes MetHb
- Reverse via IV methylene blue/ascorbic acid
Which inhaled GA cannot be used in anaesthetic machines? Why?
- Sevoflurane
- Degrades when exposed to CO2 absorbents in machines to a nephrotoxic metabolite
Major concern of Clozapine
Clozapine-induced agranulocytosis
SEs of Propofol. Hence what are its cautions in use?
- Decrease BP, Negative inotropic – Hypotension
Caution in:
- Elderly patients
- CV dysfunctions
- Hypovolemic patients
MoA of Bupropion. What is it used for?
NDRI (norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor)
- Used as an antidepressant
Why does Risperidone produce less EPS compared to typical antipsychotics?
High D2:D1 antagonism ratio
- Reduces impact of antagonism in striatum
- Actions by inhibiting negative feedback loop
Possible adverse effects of reboxetine
- Anticholinergic effects
- Insomnia (increased NA in CNS)
- Tachycardia (increased NA)
SEs of Amantadine
- Cognitive impairment
- Livedo reticularis
- Hallucination
- Insomnia
- Nightmares
Unlike other IV GAs, what is unique about ketamine?
Produces Dissociative anaesthesia
Examples of D2 agonists that may cause fibrosis
- Bromocriptine
- Pergolide
(these are ergot derivatives)
What is the caution when using vecuronium as an NMJ blocker with anaesthetics
Barbiturates may precipitate when mixed with muscle relaxants
- Allow clearance from IV line prior to muscle relaxant injection
What does procaine have a higher risk of causing allergic reactions compared to etidocaine?
- Procaine is Ester LA
- Hydrolysed to PABA derivatives
- PABA derivatives may induce allergy
Atypical Antipsychotics that exhibit better mood stabilisation and negative symptoms than typical antipsychotics
- Clozapine
- Olanzapine
- Risperidone
MoA of phenytoin and its use
Blockade of voltage-dependent Na channels for epilepsy
MoA of Aripiprazole and its use
D2 & D3 partial agonist, used as an antipsychotic
What is Dexmedetomidine and what is it used for?
a2 adrenergic, used for sedation and analgesia as an anaesthetic adjunct
The LA most often used for ENT procedures
Cocaine
SEs that is especially evident for risperidone. What is the cause?
- Postural hypotension
- Reflex tachycardia
Cause: a1-adrenoceptor antagonism
The only IV GA that has analgesic property
Ketamine
The IV GA that does not cause post-operative nausea and vomiting
Propofol
Example of Barbiturate used as Anticonvulsant
Phenobarbital
Metabolite of Thiopentone. What is its AE and where is thiopentone metabolised at?
- Metabolite: Pentobarbital
- AE: Liver Cirrhosis
Metabolised in the liver
