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Question 1

What are the symptoms of INO?

Answer 1

Difficulty on adduction of one eye, with nystagmus of the abducting eye

Question 2

INO is a problem with what structure?

Answer 2

The MLF

Question 3

What type of nystagmus is noted in the abducting eye in INO?

Answer 3

Horizontal jerk nystagmus

Question 4

In INO, difficulty with adduction occurs in the eye that is (ipsilateral/contralateral) to the lesion?

Answer 4

Ipsilateral

Question 5

In INO, nystagmus occurs of the eye that is (ipsilateral/contralateral) to the MLF lesion?

Answer 5

Contralateral

Question 6

What type of nystagmus will be present in BINO?

Answer 6

Upbeat nystagmus in upgaze

Question 7

What are the typical presentations of BINO?

Answer 7

Upbeat nystagmus in upgaze

Limited adduction of both eyes

Question 8

What is posterior embryotoxon?

Answer 8

Prominent, anteriorly displaced Schwalbe’s line

Question 9

What is Axenfeld-Reiger anomaly?

Answer 9

Strands of iris tissue from the iris base inserting into posterior embryotoxon