Random 2 Flashcards
For which enzymes in the TCA cycle is NAD a cofactor?
Isocitrate, alpha-ketoglutarate, and malate dehydrogenases
What is the underlying mechanism behind zenker diverticulum?
cricopharyngeal motor dysfunction–> increased oropharyngeal intraluminal pressure–> herniation of the pharyngeal mucosa through a zone of muscle weakness
What kind of a brain tumor has a positive synaptophysin stain?
One of neuronal origin
What are the satiety hormones?
Leptin, Neuropeptide Y, POMC, alpha-MSh
Which test is most specific for acute cholecystitis?
Failed gallbladder visualization on radionuclide biliary scan
What does a souther blot measure? Northern Blot? Western? Southwestern?
Southern: DNA
Northern: mRNA
Western: protein
Southwestern: DNA-bound proteins
What is synthesized in the smooth ER? Which cells contain a large amount of smooth ER?
steroids and phospholipids
steroid-producing cells: adrenals, gonads, liver
What is synthesized in the rough ER? Which cells contain a large amount of rough ER?
secretory, lysosomal, and integral membrane proteins
Why is urinary citrate important? In what state is it reduced?
Prevents calculi by binding to free Ca
More citrate is by the kidneys in chronic metabolic acidosis
Why does antibiotic use cause candida overgrowth?
kills off the normal gram positive lactobacilli
What do M cells in the intestine do?
Sample gut lumen content and transfer it to the basal side where macrophages and lymphocytes are ready to mount an immune response
Where are paneth cells? what do they do?
Base of intestinal crypts
Phagocytize and secret lysozyme and defensins
What part of the bone is affected in hematogenous osteomyelitis? Age group?
metaphysis
young children
What are the steps that cause insulin release with increased glucose?
Glucose goes into the pancreatic cell via GLUT2, causing glycolysis and TCA cycle to start up and produce ATP, which binds the K+ channel and stops efflux. The membrane depolarizes, opening calcium channels–> insulin release
What is the most serious complication of digoxin toxicity?
cardiac arrhythmias
What causes congenital toticollis?
malposition of the head in utero or birth trauma
Which diuretic improves survival in patients with CHF and reduced LV ejection fraction?
Mineralocorticoids (spironolactone)
What happens as a result of fermentation of undigested lactose by gut bacteria in lactose intolerance?
Increased Hydrogen gas production(increased breath hydrogen content) and decreased stool pH
What are normal age-related changes to the pulmonary function tests?
Decreased elastic recoil–> increased residual volume and decreased FEV1
Increased rib calcification and stiffening cancels out the decreased elastic recoil, leading to unchanged TLC
What are the symptoms of lung infection with cryptococcus neoformans?
Usually ASYMPTOMATIC, but can lead to scant sputum production, dyspnea, or pleuritic chest pain.
meningoencephalitis
How can fructose, glucose, and galactose be detected in the urine?
Copper reduction test- reducing sugars
What is the difference in myelin degradation between the CNS and PNS?
CNS takes years to remove myelin debris
PNS clears it quickly by recruiting macrophages
How does TNF-alpha cause insulin resistance?
Activation of serine kinase which phosphorylates serine residues and prevents downstream signaling needed to get GLUT4 on the surface
