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Question 1

What is Growth?

Answer 1

Growth is an increase in measured quantity variable across different parts of the body and is measured in height, weight, mass and head circumference

Question 2

What is development?

Answer 2

Development is a complex change that follows an orderly sequence and is the learning of skills, capabilities and abilities

Question 3

What is a schema?

Answer 3

A schema is a child’s thoughts and conclusions.

Question 4

What is intellectual development?

Answer 4

The development of memory, creativity, problem solving, language and moral development.

Question 5

What are the three principles of development?

Answer 5

Pattern - The development follows a predictable sequence.
Holistic - The development is interconnected across areas.
Variability - The rates of development vary among individuals.

Question 6

What are the life stages and what are the age ranges for each?

Answer 6

Infancy: 0-2
Early childhood: 3-8
Adolescence: 9-18
Early adulthood: 19-45
Middle adulthood: 46-65
Later adulthood: 65+

Question 7

Name the four developmental milestones in infancy.

Answer 7

Physical development (gross motor skills)
Cognitive development
Language development
Social and emotional development

Question 8

What is meant by physical development in infants?

Answer 8

The growth of the body and brain from birth through early childhood.

Question 9

What is meant by cognitive development in infants?

Answer 9

The process by which children learn to think, understand, and solve problems.

Question 10

What is meant by language development in infants?

Answer 10

The process by which children come to understand and communicate language during early childhood.

Question 11

What is meant by social and emotional development in infants?

Answer 11

The changes that children go through as they develop the ability to understand, express, and manage their emotions and social relationships.

Question 12

What are gross motor skills?

Answer 12

Skills that utilise the larger muscle movement, for example legs or arms, for activities such as walking or riding a bike.

Question 13

What are fine motor skills?

Answer 13

Skills that use smaller muscle movement, for example fingers, hands, toes, for activities such as grasping, writing or turning pages of a book.

Question 14

What are primary sexual characteristics?

Answer 14

Characteristics that are present during birth:
Male- penis, testes
Female- vagina, ovaries

Question 15

What are secondary sexual characteristics?

Answer 15

Secondary characteristics are developed once reaching puberty

Male- facial hair, Adam’s apple, deepened voice, pubic hair

Female- breasts develop, hips widen, pubic hair

Question 16

How do hormones affect sexual maturity?

Answer 16

Males: Testosterone produced, production of sperm.
Females: Oestrogen causes eggs to mature in ovaries.

Question 17

What is Perimenopause?

Answer 17

Transitional phase before menopause 4-10 year period.
Begins near the end of early adult hood.
Ovaries start to produce less oestrogen causing reduced egg production.

Question 18

What are the symptoms of Perimenopause?

Answer 18

Mood swings
Heavy or irregular periods
Hot flushes
Night sweats
Low libido
Fatigue
Vaginal dryness
Urgency to urinate more
Weight gain.
They are all due to the reduction of oestrogen

Question 19

When does Perimenopause end?

Answer 19

Perimenopause ends when menopause starts.

Question 20

What is menopause and what are the symptoms?

Answer 20

Occurs between the ages of 45-55 and can last 7-14 years.
It happens when the ovaries no longer produce the fertility hormones estrogen and progesterone.
Continuation of reduction of the production of Oestrogen and progesterone
Fertilisable egg production reduces then stops completely, periods gradually stop.
Along side perimenopause symptoms, depression is very common during this time and so is reduced self-esteem.

Question 21

What are the effects of aging?

Answer 21

Grey hair
Slow metabolic rate
Lower bone density
Muscle weakening
Hair thinning

Question 22

What are the four stages of cognitive development?

Answer 22

Sensorimotor (0-2)
Preoperational (2-7)
Concrete operational (8-11)
Formal operational (11+)

Question 23

What is the sensorimotor stage?

Answer 23

Infants learn through their senses- touch, sight, sound, taste and motor abilities- grabbing, crawling
They become aware of things beyond their bodies
They develop object permanence
Develop habits (sucking thumb)
Experimentation- trial and error

Question 24

What is the preoperational stage?

Answer 24

Symbolic function (Use symbols to represent things)
Egocentrism (Difficulty seeing from others perspective)
Animism (Believe inanimate objects have feelings)
Lack of conservation
Pretend play
Irreversibility

Question 25

What is the concrete operational stage?

Answer 25

Begin to think logically with concrete events
Conservation
Reversibility
Can group objects from common characteristics
Decentration(now focus on multiple aspects of a problem at once)
Less egocentric

Question 26

What is the formal operational stage?

Answer 26

Abstract and theoretical thinking
Child can predict possible outcomes of hypothetical problems