random Flashcards
maintain constant ion concentration
kidneys
maintenance of nearly constant conditions in the internal
environment
homeostasis
Extracellular fluid is transported through all parts of the
body in two stages
first stage is movement of blood through the body in the blood vessels
second is
movement of fluid between the blood capillaries and the
intercellular spaces between the tissue cells.
changes the chemical compositions of many of these substances to more usable forms,
and other tissues of the body.
help modify the
absorbed substances or store them until they are needed
liver
where do co2 is released from the blood
lung alveoli
undigested materials that enters the GI tract eliminated as what?
feces
can store information, generate thoughts, create ambition, and determine
reactions that the body performs in response to the sensations.
brain
provide a system for regulation that complements the nervous system.
hormones
regulation of oxygen concentration in the
tissues is vested principally into this chemical characteristics . .
hemoglobin
l can lead to a
vicious cycle of increasing cellular metabolism that destroys
the cells.
increase in the body
temperature of only above norma 11°F (7°C)
does not lead to stability but to instability and, in some
cases, can cause death.
positive feedback
extreme dysfunction
death
moderate dysfunction
sickness
are several types of substances that are
grouped together because of their common property of
being soluble in fat solvents
lipids
also called neutral
fat.
triglycerides
The fat stored in these cells
represents the body’s main storehouse of energy-giving
nutrients that can later be dissoluted and used to provide
energy wherever in the body it is needed.
triglycerides
have little structural
function in the cell except as parts of glycoprotein molecules, but they play a major role in nutrition of the cell.
carbohydrates
envelops the cell, is a thin, pliable, elastic structure
only 7.5 to 10 nanometers thick. It is composed almost
entirely of proteins and lipids
cell membrane
provide a barrier that
impedes the movement of water and water-soluble sub
stances from one cell compartment to another because water
is not soluble in lipids
lipids of the membrane
in the
membrane often do penetrate all the way through the mem
brane, thus providing specialized pathways, often organized
into actual pores, for passage of specific substances through
the membrane.
protein molecules
lipid in nature because their steroid nucleus is highly fat
soluble
cholesterol
mainly help determine the degree of permeability (or impermeability) of the bilayer
to water-soluble constituents of body fluids.
controls much of the fluidity of the membrane as well
Cholesterol
through which water molecules and water
soluble substances, especially ions, can diffuse between
the extracellular and intracellular fluids. also have selective properties that allow preferential diffusion of some substances over others.
protein
channels
loose carbohydrate coat
glycocalyx
The carbohydrate moieties attached to the outer sur
face of the cell have several important functions:
(1) Many
of them have a negative electrical charge, which gives most cells an overall negative surface charge that repels other negative objects.
(2) The glycocalyx of some cells attaches to the glycocalyx of other cells, thus attaching
cells to one another.
(3) Many of the carbohydrates act as
receptor substances for binding hormones,
. (4) Some carbohydrate moieties enter into immune reactions,
The clear fluid portion
of the cytoplasm in which the particles are dispersed this contains mainly dissolved proteins,
electrolytes, and glucose.
cytosol
show that the space inside the endoplasmic
reticulum is connected with the space between the two
membrane surfaces of the nuclear membrane.
Electron
micrographs
It
is usually composed of four or more stacked layers of thin,
flat, enclosed vesicles lying near one side of the nucleus.
golgi apparatus
lysosomes allow to digest
(1) damaged cellular structures,
(2) food particles that have been ingested by the cell,
and
(3) unwanted matter such as bacteria
is capable of splitting an organic compound into two or more parts by combining hydrogen from a water molecule with one part of the compound and combining the
hydroxyl portion of the water molecule with the other part of the compound.
hydrolytic enzyme
believed
to be formed by self-replication (or perhaps by budding
off from the smooth endoplasmic reticulum) rather than
from the Golgi apparatus.
contain oxidase rather than hydrolase
peroxisomes
is a highly oxidizing substance
and is used in association with catalase, another oxidase
enzyme present in large quantities in peroxisomes, to oxidize many substances that might otherwise be poisonous to the cell
Hydrogen peroxide
are
secreted later through the outer cell membrane into the
pancreatic duct and thence into the duodenum, where
they become activated and perform digestive functions
on the food in the intestinal tract.
proenzymes
large numbers of actin filaments
frequently occur in the outer zone of the cytoplasm,
called the what?, to form an elastic support for the
cell membrane.
ectoplasm
special type of stiff filament composed of polymerized tubulin molecules is used in all cells to construct
strong tubular structures,
microtubules,
act as
a cytoskeleton, providing rigid physical structures for certain parts of cells.
microtubules
(during the period between mitoses
interphase
it is simply an accumulation of
large amounts of RNA and proteins of the types found in
ribosomes. becomes considerably enlarged
when the cell is actively synthesizing proteins.
nucleolus
- Rickettsia
350 nm
The essential life-giving constituent of the small virus embedded in a coat of protein
nucleic acid
organelles developed inside the
organism, representing physical structures of chemi
cal aggregates that perform functions in a more efficient
manner than can be achieved by dispersed chemicals
throughout the fluid matrix.
rickettsial and bacterial stages
involves simple movement through the
membrane caused by the random motion of the mole
cules of the substance;
diffusion
involves the actual carrying of a sub
stance through the membrane by a physical protein struc
ture that penetrates all the way through the membrane
active transport
intermediation of antibodies is called
opsonization
Energy from ATP
is used to promote three major categories of cellular func
tions:
(1) transport of substances through multiple membranes in the cell,
(2) synthesis of chemical compounds throughout the cell, and
(3) mechanical work.
