random Flashcards
Papez’s circuit
-Papez (1937) was among the first researchers to propose the existence of a neural circuit
-Play an important role in emotion, including certain areas of the cerebral cortex, the amygdala, and the hypothalamus.
General Adaptation Syndrome
Alarm reaction, resistance, exhaustion
maintains the body’s internal homeostasis
The hypothalamus also monitors the body’s internal states and initiates the responses needed to maintain homeostasis through its influence on the ANS and the pituitary and other endocrine glands
Symptoms of seizures
(a) an aura that signals the onset of the seizure (e.g., a feeling, odor, or noise); (b) a loss of consciousness; and (c) some type of abnormal movement.
Types of Seizures
Generalized seizures
Tonic-clonic (grand mal) seizures include a tonic stage in which the muscles contract and the body stiffens; a clonic stage that involves rhythmic shaking of the limbs; and postictal (postseizure) depression or confusion with amnesia for the ictal event
Absence (petit mal) seizures
-brief attacks involving a loss of consciousness without
-prominent motor symptoms.
During an absence seizure, the person often -exhibits a “blank stare” with frequent eye blinking. There is some evidence that the thalamus plays a role in the generation of absence seizures
Partial seizures
-simple partial seizures do not involve a loss of consciousness,
-complex partial seizures entail some alteration in consciousness.
-begin in one side of the brain and affect one side of the body initially,
Detect seizures
electroencephalograph (EEG), which is used to obtain evidence of abnormal electrical activity in the brain. In addition, CT, MRI, or other imaging technique may be used to determine if the seizures are related to a brain lesion or other abnormality.
Seizure (Epilepsy)
Excessive glutamate receptor activity
abnormal electrical activity in the brain
Stroke
o Sudden or gradual onset of neurological symptoms
o Disruption in blood supply to the brain
Temporal lobe damage
flow of information between the spinal cord and the brain
Huntington’s disease
gonadotropin-releasing hormone
a. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone causes the pituitary gland in the brain to make and secrete the hormones luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
b. Gonad gland secretes ovaries - estrogen, and progesterone; and testes – androgens (testosterone and androstenedione)
c. Estrogen and androgens are produced by both sexes.
receptor blocker
Levodopa (L-Dopa)
central nervous system, conveying sensory information
Hearing a certain musical tone when looking at a specific color is an example of
reticular activating system
Lesions in the right (nondominant) hemisphere of the cerebral cortex
.
Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome
excessive accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the ventricles of the brain
acetylcholine
neuron are transmitted
benzodiazepine
hypothalamus
the practice of optimizing medication regimens
contraindicated for individuals with anxiety and tension, anorexia, psychosis, or Tourette’s Disorder
The offspring of someone with Huntington’s disease
Propranolol and other beta-adrenergic blocking drugs
As the result of an injury, Walter cannot recognize familiar objects by touch
Which antidepressant is likely to have an initially high sedative effect
chlorpromazine
Long-term potentiation
The most common side effects consistent with lithium
anticholinergic effect
Anticholinergic effects are caused by several drugs including antipsychotics and tricyclic antidepressants. They include dry mouth, blurred vision, tachycardia, urinary retention, constipation, memory impairment, and confusion.
cross-sectional images
chromosomes and their abnormalities
side effects of opioid use
diagnosing seizures
premenstrual syndrome (PMS)
In which of the following disorders does an elevated level of serotonin NOT play a role?
Select one:
A.
Schizophrenia
B.
Autism Spectrum Disorder
C.
Anorexia Nervosa
D.
Bulimia Nervosa
The correct answer is D.
Bulimia Nervosa (along with PTSD and OCD) is associated with low levels of serotonin. All of the other disorders are associated with elevated levels of serotonin.
Answers A, B, and C: These disorders are all associated with elevated levels of serotonin.
split-brain patient
brain areas –> implicated in the regulation of emotion
naltrexone treat alcohol
Agrammatism, anomia, and articulation
Glasgow Coma Scale
eye has unique color receptors for each primary color
Type A
multiple sclerosis
action potential is triggered in an axon
inability to form memories for events that happened after brain damage
neurotransmitter is implicated in eating, seizures, anxiety disorders, motor control, vision, and sleep
Doxepin, Elavil, and Tofranil all belong to which category of drugs
The correct answer is D.
These drugs are all TCAs.
Answers A, B, and C: See rationale for Answer D.
Tourette Syndrome
restore sexual arousal
entirely within the central nervous system
REM rebound
Which of the following is not true regarding traditional vs. atypical antipsychotics?
Select one:
A.
alleviation of positive symptoms of Schizophrenia vs. alleviation of positive and negative symptoms of Schizophrenia.
B.
faster onset vs. slower onset
C.
anticholinergic side effects vs. reduced extrapyramidal side effects
D.
affect serotonin vs. affect glutamate
The correct answer is D.
Both typical and atypical antipsychotics affect dopamine receptors but atypical antipsychotics also affect receptors for other neurotransmitters including serotonin and glutamate.
Answer A: Typical antipsychotics treat positive symptoms but not negative. Atypical antipsychotics treat both negative and positive symptoms.
Answer B: Typical antipsychotics have a faster onset of therapeutic effects while atypical antipsychotics have a slower onset.
Answer C: Both types of antipsychotics have anticholinergic effects and extrapyramidal side effects but extrapyramidal side effects are less common with atypical antipsychotics.
classify certain genes that influence various behavioral traits
type of migraine
Rapid breathing, cerebral hypoxia, chest pain, dizziness,
side effect of a TBI
type of seizure
peripheral nervous system
sexual dimorphism
Red-green colorblindness
Procedural memory
somatropin (growth) hormone
interhemispheric communication
long-term memories
Huntington’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, Tourette’s disorder, OCD, and ADHD
paraplegia
deprivation of REM sleep
membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord
theory of emotion
The James-Lange theory of emotions stresses the importance of peripheral factors and proposes that emotions are representations of bodily sensations.
Answer B: The Cannon-Bard theory places emphasis on the brain mechanisms that mediate emotion. It suggests that emotional and bodily reactions to stimuli occur simultaneously.
Answer C: The two-factor theory of emotion describes the subjective emotional experience as a result of the combination of physiological arousal and cognitive interpretation of that arousal as well as the environment in which it occurs.
Cerebral cortex and emotion:
left (dominant) hemisphere govern happiness and other positive emotions;
left hemisphere damage (especially damage to the left frontal lobe) produces catastrophic reactions such as severe depression, anxiety, aggression, and paranoia.
right (non-dominant) hemisphere mediate sadness, fear, and other negative emotions:
Damage to this hemisphere (especially when it involves the right parietal or temporal lobe) results in indifference, apathy, emotional lability, and/or undue cheerfulness and joking.
When expressing emotion with their facial muscles, people generally show more intense emotions on the left side of the face (which is controlled by the right hemisphere).
Amygdala and emotion
-attaching emotion to memory
-incoming sensory information
-responsible for the immediate feeling of fear we experience when faced with a dangerous or threatening situation
-Electrical stimulation of the amygdala can produce a fear and/or rage response
-lesions can result in a lack of response to situations that would ordinarily elicit strong emotions
Hypothalamus and emotion
Through its influence on the ANS and pituitary gland
-translation of emotions into physical responses
Damage - rage response, while damage to other areas causes uncontrollable laughter
