random Flashcards
hyponatraemia symptoms
tired
drowsy
dizzy
weak
hyponatraemia causes
hypovolemia
- vom/diar
- diuretics
- kidney : AKI, interstitial nephritis/ renal disease
- addisons (primary adrenal insufficiency- autoimmune)
euvolemia
- medicines (PPI, sertraline, ace i, antiepileptics)
- SIADH (too much ADH, therefore exceretion)
- low salt intake
- hypothyroid, hypopituitary
hypervolemia
- high water intake - dilution
- congestive heart failure
- chronic liver disease
- nephrotic syndrome
LPR - laryngopharyngeal reflux - silent reflux
- symptoms
- treatment
- upper throat cough/ clearing throat
- globus (feels like pills/ food get stuck (they dont))
- dry/ nasty taste in mouth in morning
PPI and gaviscon
raise head/ bed angle at night
diet change (less fat, alc, caff, spice, sour, coke, + smaller frequent meals)
HRT
- what is it and why
peri/post menopause
oestrogen (for symptoms) and progesterone (for protecting uterus against endometrial cancer )
(so oes only if no uterus present)
SGLT2i
good why
help weight loss
help heart
good for HF regardless of HbA1C
(“-agliflozin”)
polymyalgia symtpoms and treatment
inflam (worse in morning) but also worse with the affected joints’ use
bilateral - shoulder, hips (neck, …) - stiff and pain
corticosteroids
more in oldies
metformin pro and con
pro - cardioprotective
(also first line)
con - weight gain (but less than insulin)
DM and pre- blood result ranges
HBA1c (best, unless anaemia/ haemoglobanopathies)
pre 42-48 // 6-6.5% normal
D 48+ // 6.5%+
fasting gluc
pre 5.6-7.0
D 7.0
random gluc
pre 7.8-11.1
D 11.1
OGTT/2h
D 7.0
eisenmengers syndrome
- what is it
- symptoms
- tx
congenital heart abnormality- thickened, damaged pulm artery (and other vessels) - pulm HTN
often due to A/V septal defect (or patent ductus arteriosus) so blood goes R–> L : blood not that oxygenated goes around body
symptoms
- cyanosis - esp lower limb
- clubbing in feet but not hands
- low O2 symptoms (fainting, dizzy)
- chest : pain, cough, SOB, blood, palpitations
tx - surgery
A clinical trial assessing a new lipid-lowering therapy for stroke allocates 1000 patients to active treatment and another 1000 patients to placebo.
Results demonstrate that number needed to treat (NNT) is 20 for the prevention of the primary end-point.
Which of the following best describes the results?
A 20 patients in the treatment group were protected from stroke
B 20 extra patients in the placebo group had a stroke
C For 1000 patients treated with active therapy, there would be 20 fewer strokes
D For 1000 patients treated with active therapy, there would be 50 fewer strokes
E For every 1000 patients treated with active therapy there would be 100 fewer strokes
D
This prevention study for stroke reveals that 20 patients need to be treated to prevent ONE ! event.
Thus if you treat a 1000 patients then you will expect to have 50 fewer strokes.
50 x 20 = 1000
which drugs cause pulmonary fibrosis
inv
tx
Cytotoxics: DMARDs (e.g. sulphasalazine), busulphan, bleomycin, methotrexate, cyclophosphamide, carmustine
Antibiotics: e.g. nitrofurantoin
Cardiac drugs: hydralazine, amiodarone, tocainide
Opiates: e.g. heroin abuse
(also coal, asbestos)
new exertional SOB
bloods : high eosinophils, inflammation
Xray infiltrates, reticular shadow esp bases/ peripheries
withdraw medication
steroids
bloods that are specific and sensitive for SLE
sensitive : ANA
specific : anti SM, dsDNA (antiRo)
causes of hairloss
deficinecy - zinc, ferritin
hypothyroidism
low prog after preg
trigeminal neuralgia tx (1st and 2nd line)
carbamezapine
/ gabapentin 2nd line
other nerve pain - gabapentin
mode of action and monitoring of
- heparin
- low molecular weight heparin
- warfarin
heparin
- clotting factors 9 10 11 12
- APTT
low molecular weight heparin
- clotting factor 10
- anti Ax
warfarin
- vitamin k antagonist
- INR
