Random Flashcards
What is area 8? What does it normally do? What happens if it’s damaged?
- frontal lobe- frontal eye field
- both eyes will conjugately deviate to opposite side
- damaged: both eyes conjugately deviate ipsilaterally (what is seen with patient: eyes move to towards object to the primary gaze and then back even though object is no longer there)
All CN to do with the eyes are ipsilateral except?
SUPERIORS are CONTRALATERAL
- SO- CN4
- SR-CN3
A person with trouble reading while lying down, walking down stairs, and writing while looking down have issues with what?
SO dysfunction- CN 4 is trochlear
What is the MLF? What cell myelinates it? What CN do they connect?
- a tract in the CNS,
- myelinated by oligodendrocytes
- CN 3,4,6
What is an early sign of Multiple Sclerosis? What is damaged to cause this? What do you see with a patient with this early sign?
- first is optic neuritis but worsens to internuclear ophthalmoplegia: see graying of vision
- mlf damaged and internuclear neuron there is damaged
- lose ipsilaterally adduction to contralateral conjugate horizontal eye movements of affected eye
What is the PPRF? What does it normally do?
- center for conjugate ipsilateral eye movement
- normal: one eye adducts and other abducts as eyes move to follow an object
- bad: can’t follow an object ipsilateral to the side of damage
What is convergence and what do you see the eyes do? What is divergence and what do you see the eyes do?
- convergence: object approaches and the eyes constrict and bilaterally adduct
- divergence: object goes away and eyes dilate and bilaterally abduct
Where is the Meyer’s loop located? Damage to Meyer’s loop can cause what visual problem?
- inferior optic radiations that go from temporal lobe to occipital lobe
- will get “pie in the sky” or Superior Quadrant Hemianopia
Where is the Baum’s loop located? Damage to Baum’s loop can cause what visual problem?
- superior optic radiations that go through the parietal lobe to occipital lobe
- can cause “pie to the floor” or Inferior Quadrant Hemianopia
Inflammation or swelling of the pituitary gland can cause what type of visual problem? What is damage to cause this and why?
- bitemporal Hemianopia (outer portions of both eyes are blind)
- optic chiasm is damaged because the pituitary gland in directly posterior to it
If the PCA is destroyed, what visual problem will you have? Why does this visual problem happen this way?
- Homonymous Hemianopia with macular sparing (blind on the same half portion of both eyes but the round macula in the center is unaffected)
- MCA supplies the macula and there is no damage to it so it’s spared from damage
Any macular sparing vision issue means damage to what?
Occipital lobe
What causes Huntington’s? What symptoms do you see?
- damage to caudate nucleus of the basal ganglia
- chromosome 4 issue
- choreiform (quick involuntary movements), eventually become immobile and can’t swallow or speak, eventually get dementia
What’s the cause of Copper Metabolism Deficiency? Is it reversible?
- damage to the caudate nucleus
- reversible effect to the sclera of the eye
What causes Sydenham? What is an associated precursor for this? What do you see? Is it reversible?
- damage to caudate nucleus
- associated with Rheumatic fever—strep
- irregular, fast movement
- self limiting, reversible
What causes Hemiballismus? What do you see? Is it contralateral or ipsilateral? Is it one sided or bilateral?
- damage to subthalamus
- involuntary, violent flinging movement
- contralateral
- one side has the abnormal movement
What causes Athetosis? What do you see? What parts of the body does it affect?
- damage to the globus pallidus
- slow, writhing movement
- fingers/toes
What causes Parkinson’s? What neurotransmitter is lacking? Is it contralateral or ipsilateral? What symptoms do you see? What medications are used to treat it?
- damage to substantia nigra
- dopamine
- contralateral
- resting tremors, rigidity, Brady line AUA, pull rolling tremors, shuffling gait, mask-like expression, microagraphia
- levadopa-dopamine precursor, levadopa-cardopoda most common med
Which disorder is striatal nigral? Which is nigro striatal?
- striatal Nigral: Chorea like Huntington’s
- nigro striatal: Parkinson
What makes up the Striatum?
Caudate nucleus and putamen
What makes up the Lentiform Nucleus?
Putamen and globus pallidus
What are the two parts of the substantia nigra?
- compact part: dopamine and melanin
- reticular part: GABA
What is another name for Acoustic Neuroma? Where is the tumor growing from? What cranial nerves are affected and which are ipsilateral/contralateral? What symptoms do you see?
- Schwannoma
- cerebellar Pontine Angle
- CN5: ipsilateral- mastication problems
- CN7: ipsilateral- facial expression affected
- CN8: contralateral- sensorineural loss
- headache, vertigo, tinnitus, MCP-ipsilateral ataxia and LMN problems
What causes Meinere’s? What symptoms do you see?
- swelling to membranous labyrinth (endolymph hydrops)- endolymph are blocked from this swelling and hair cells degenerate
- tinnitus, vertigo, nausea, hearing loss
