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Med 1: Neuro Mix > Random > Flashcards

Random Flashcards

1
Q

What is area 8? What does it normally do? What happens if it’s damaged?

A
  • frontal lobe- frontal eye field
  • both eyes will conjugately deviate to opposite side
  • damaged: both eyes conjugately deviate ipsilaterally (what is seen with patient: eyes move to towards object to the primary gaze and then back even though object is no longer there)
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2
Q

All CN to do with the eyes are ipsilateral except?

A

SUPERIORS are CONTRALATERAL

  • SO- CN4
  • SR-CN3
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3
Q

A person with trouble reading while lying down, walking down stairs, and writing while looking down have issues with what?

A

SO dysfunction- CN 4 is trochlear

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4
Q

What is the MLF? What cell myelinates it? What CN do they connect?

A
  • a tract in the CNS,
  • myelinated by oligodendrocytes
  • CN 3,4,6
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5
Q

What is an early sign of Multiple Sclerosis? What is damaged to cause this? What do you see with a patient with this early sign?

A
  • first is optic neuritis but worsens to internuclear ophthalmoplegia: see graying of vision
  • mlf damaged and internuclear neuron there is damaged
  • lose ipsilaterally adduction to contralateral conjugate horizontal eye movements of affected eye
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6
Q

What is the PPRF? What does it normally do?

A
  • center for conjugate ipsilateral eye movement
  • normal: one eye adducts and other abducts as eyes move to follow an object
  • bad: can’t follow an object ipsilateral to the side of damage
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7
Q

What is convergence and what do you see the eyes do? What is divergence and what do you see the eyes do?

A
  • convergence: object approaches and the eyes constrict and bilaterally adduct
  • divergence: object goes away and eyes dilate and bilaterally abduct
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8
Q

Where is the Meyer’s loop located? Damage to Meyer’s loop can cause what visual problem?

A
  • inferior optic radiations that go from temporal lobe to occipital lobe
  • will get “pie in the sky” or Superior Quadrant Hemianopia
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9
Q

Where is the Baum’s loop located? Damage to Baum’s loop can cause what visual problem?

A
  • superior optic radiations that go through the parietal lobe to occipital lobe
  • can cause “pie to the floor” or Inferior Quadrant Hemianopia
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10
Q

Inflammation or swelling of the pituitary gland can cause what type of visual problem? What is damage to cause this and why?

A
  • bitemporal Hemianopia (outer portions of both eyes are blind)
  • optic chiasm is damaged because the pituitary gland in directly posterior to it
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11
Q

If the PCA is destroyed, what visual problem will you have? Why does this visual problem happen this way?

A
  • Homonymous Hemianopia with macular sparing (blind on the same half portion of both eyes but the round macula in the center is unaffected)
  • MCA supplies the macula and there is no damage to it so it’s spared from damage
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12
Q

Any macular sparing vision issue means damage to what?

A

Occipital lobe

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13
Q

What causes Huntington’s? What symptoms do you see?

A
  • damage to caudate nucleus of the basal ganglia
  • chromosome 4 issue
  • choreiform (quick involuntary movements), eventually become immobile and can’t swallow or speak, eventually get dementia
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14
Q

What’s the cause of Copper Metabolism Deficiency? Is it reversible?

A
  • damage to the caudate nucleus

- reversible effect to the sclera of the eye

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15
Q

What causes Sydenham? What is an associated precursor for this? What do you see? Is it reversible?

A
  • damage to caudate nucleus
  • associated with Rheumatic fever—strep
  • irregular, fast movement
  • self limiting, reversible
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16
Q

What causes Hemiballismus? What do you see? Is it contralateral or ipsilateral? Is it one sided or bilateral?

A
  • damage to subthalamus
  • involuntary, violent flinging movement
  • contralateral
  • one side has the abnormal movement
17
Q

What causes Athetosis? What do you see? What parts of the body does it affect?

A
  • damage to the globus pallidus
  • slow, writhing movement
  • fingers/toes
18
Q

What causes Parkinson’s? What neurotransmitter is lacking? Is it contralateral or ipsilateral? What symptoms do you see? What medications are used to treat it?

A
  • damage to substantia nigra
  • dopamine
  • contralateral
  • resting tremors, rigidity, Brady line AUA, pull rolling tremors, shuffling gait, mask-like expression, microagraphia
  • levadopa-dopamine precursor, levadopa-cardopoda most common med
19
Q

Which disorder is striatal nigral? Which is nigro striatal?

A
  • striatal Nigral: Chorea like Huntington’s

- nigro striatal: Parkinson

20
Q

What makes up the Striatum?

A

Caudate nucleus and putamen

21
Q

What makes up the Lentiform Nucleus?

A

Putamen and globus pallidus

22
Q

What are the two parts of the substantia nigra?

A
  • compact part: dopamine and melanin

- reticular part: GABA

23
Q

What is another name for Acoustic Neuroma? Where is the tumor growing from? What cranial nerves are affected and which are ipsilateral/contralateral? What symptoms do you see?

A
  • Schwannoma
  • cerebellar Pontine Angle
  • CN5: ipsilateral- mastication problems
  • CN7: ipsilateral- facial expression affected
  • CN8: contralateral- sensorineural loss
  • headache, vertigo, tinnitus, MCP-ipsilateral ataxia and LMN problems
24
Q

What causes Meinere’s? What symptoms do you see?

A
  • swelling to membranous labyrinth (endolymph hydrops)- endolymph are blocked from this swelling and hair cells degenerate
  • tinnitus, vertigo, nausea, hearing loss
25
Q

What are the differences of conductive and sensorineural hearing loss? From where to where are affected? What are causes of each?

A
  • conductive: outer ear to middle ear; caused by cue tip pushed too far in, too much ear wax
  • sensorineural: affect inner ear like hair cells; caused by loud music, acoustic neuroma, antibiotics like vancomycin
26
Q

Describe multipolar, bipolar, and unipolar neurons. Where do we find them?

A
  • multipolar: many dendrites on cell body and one long axon, find in spinal cord and brain
  • bipolar: cell body at center, find in the retina, cochlear, and vestibular ganglia
  • unipolar: have during development/a false bipolar, find in posterior root ganglion

Med 1: Neuro Mix (1 decks)

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