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Question 1

Draw a muscle cross-section

Answer 1

Question 2

Stomach cross-section

Answer 2

Question 3

Explain what amino acids can be made into

Answer 3

Question 4

Explain pacemakers in Cajal cells in GI

Answer 4

Question 5

Explain the cholesterol pathway in the liver

Answer 5

Question 6

Explain Latch bridge cycling

Answer 6

Question 7

Explain the layers in the GI gut

Answer 7

Question 8

Explain the layers in GI (in detail cells e.g. in intestines)

Answer 8

Question 9

Draw and label the cross-section of a liver lobule

Answer 9

Question 10

Draw and label a smooth muscle

Answer 10

Question 11

Explain the different types of muscles (simple)

Answer 11

Question 12

Explain how peristalsis takes place

Answer 12

Question 13

Label & draw the arteries of the eye

Answer 13

From the internal carotid artery

Question 14

What is presbycusis? (causes & classification)

Answer 14

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Question 15

What are the different types of atrophy?

Answer 15

Question 16

What is SMA?

Answer 16

Is autosomal RECESSIVE

• Primarily due to SMN1 mutations
• 4 Types
  
  • 1 - onset at 6 months unable to sit down on their own die as child (most common)
  • 2 - 6-18 months get symptoms live
  • 3 - least severe able to walk etc
  • 4 - in adulthood (non-lifethreatening), weakening of muscles
• Treatments are gene therapies - target splicing of genes making shortened truncated but functional protein

Question 17

What is dorsiflexion & plantarflexion?

Answer 17

Question 18

Layers in blood vessels arteries & veins

Answer 18

Question 19

What are the names of prostaglandin inhibitors and agonists?

Answer 19

• -prost- = agonists
• -iprant = antagonists

Question 20

What is made in the adrenal gland and where?

Answer 20

Question 21

What are the effects of glucocorticoids?

Answer 21

Question 22

What does pannus mean (RA)?

Answer 22

‘Pannus’ describes the hyperproliferative, inflammatory invasive vascularised tissue mass that is a hallmark feature of the joint in RA

Question 23

What are the steps in RA?

Risks?

Characteristics

Answer 23

1. Infiltration of synovium by inflammatory cells and proliferation of synovial cells
2. Increase in blood vessel formation
3. Increased chemokine production and upregulation of adhesion molecules expression on vascular endothelium
4. Cytokine production initiates matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) release leading to degradation of matrix
5. Pannus formation

• A lot to do with genes e.g. HLA which is found on MHC gene
• Smoking
• Diet
• Infection
• Pollutants

Inflammation in RA is chronic through the persistent activity of immune/inflammatory cells and the abundance of mediators, they release

Also get fevers and systemic infections, pericarditis

Question 24

What are the types of T helper cells and how are they made and what do they produce?

Answer 24

Question 25

What blood tests to do if think someone has RA?

Answer 25

• Full blood count
• ESR (erythrocyte sedimentation rate)
• CRP (C reactive protein)
• Urea and electrolytes
• Liver function tests
• Serum urate
• Consider Thyroid function, glucose
• Autoantibodies

Anti-CCP

Rheumatoid factor

Question 26

What is:

• objectivism
• reductionism
• positivism
• determinism

Answer 26

• Objectivism (the observer is separate from the observed),
• Reductionism (all complex phenomenon are fully explainable in terms of simples, component phenomenon),
• Positivism (all relevant information can be derived from physically measurable data)
• Determinism (all phenomenon can be predicted from a knowledge of scientific law and initial starting conditions).

Question 27

What is:

• Impairment
• Disability
• Handicap

Answer 27

• Impairment refers to ‘any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological or anatomical structure or function’.
• ‘Disability’ denotes ‘any restriction or lack (resulting from an impairment) of ability to perform an activity in the manner or within the range considered normal for a human being’.
• ‘Handicap‘’, is the ‘disadvantage for a given individual, resulting from an impairment or disability, that limits or prevents the fulfilment of a role that is normal (depending on age, sex and social and cultural factors) for that individual’

Question 28

What is the individual (medical) model of disability?

Answer 28

• the subject of disability, until quite recently, has been written about by professionals who work with, medically treat or study those less-abled. This discourse is heavily medicalised and oriented towards care and treatment.
• Biological impairment is the key determinant of disability; deviation from ‘normal’ body functioning has ‘undesirable’ consequences for the affected individual; rehabilitation or adaptations are meant to facilitate what is considered to be ‘normal’ functioning.
• Aims to identify and meet the ‘needs’ of disabled individuals so that they may ‘fit’ into and readily ‘function’ in wider society.
• Medicalisation of disability - the ‘solution’ to disability lies in curative and rehabilitative medical intervention.

Question 29

Critique of individual (medical) model of disability

Answer 29

• Abnormal physiology or functioning - what is ‘normal’ functioning? Historically constructed classification systems (individual behaviour and bodily and cognitive functions). Normality is socially constructed (ideal in Ancient Greece, normal arrives quite late)
• Other societies may not accord the same importance to functional efficiency (dyslexia in agricultural societies, seen important only in places where numeracy and literacy are important to social and economic participation; upper teeth first in Zimbabwe)
• Any out of the ordinary manifestations in bodies and behaviours may be perceived anomalous, but not necessarily stigmatised (Micronesia: birth defects seen as disabling only if paired with speech or hearing impairments - ability to participate is social life)
• Biological reductionism: individual deficit without social context

Question 30

What is the social model of disability?

Answer 30

• •People with impairments are disabled by the social system which creates barriers to their participation (built environment, lack of captions in broadcasts).

Question 31

Medical vs social models of disability

Answer 31

Question 32

Types of discrimination against disabled people

Answer 32

• •(Dis)ableism - discrimination and prejudice against people with disabilities.
• •Social/economic – education and employment
• •Physical – access to built environment (housing, transport)
• •Cultural – language used/images of disability
  
  • •TRAGIC VICTIM– (used a lot in charity advertising), makes us feel sorry for the individual, linked to the idea that disabled people should be pitied, sometimes may triumph over their tragedy
  • •SINISTER VILLAIN – suggests there is something inherently sinister or evil about people with disabilities
  • •‘SUPER CRIP’ – disabled people as heroes – focus on special achievements. Lesson to us all ‘always somebody worse off than you’
• •Behavioural – Hate Crime, abuse and violence, staring, lack of friendship and intimacy
• • • EDUCATIONAL SEGREGATION: the debate over special needs schooling
• •Disabled people have mixed feelings about the use of the word ‘special’ when what it means is separate and segregated
• •ECONOMIC DISCRIMINATION: disabled people are twice as likely to be unemployed as non-disabled people

Question 33

What is narrative reconstruction?

Answer 33

• The routine way in which people make sense or give meaning to events in their life
• Can be way to cope with the disruption that chronic illness may bring
• Patients tell a ‘story’ of their illness as part of their biography in order to make sense of it in their lives

Question 34

What is Allodynia?

Answer 34

• Pain due to a stimulus that does not normally provoke pain.

Question 35

What is Hyperalgesia?

Answer 35

•Increased pain from a stimulus that normally provokes pain.

Question 36

What is Hyperpathia?

Answer 36

•A painful syndrome characterized by an abnormally painful reaction to a stimulus, especially a repetitive stimulus, as well as an increased threshold.

Question 37

Difference between neuropathic, nociceptive & nociplastic pain?

Answer 37

• Neuropathic pain caused by inflammation, irritation or neural tissue compression.
• Nociceptive pain is the body’s reaction to painful stimuli such as a pulled back muscle or bone, and it does not cause nerve damage itself.
• Nociplastic pain - Pain that arises from altered nociception despite no clear evidence of actual or threatened tissue damage causing the activation of peripheral nociceptors or evidence for disease or lesion of the somatosensory system

Question 38

Explain the dermatomes in the leg

Answer 38

Question 39

Explain the dermatomes in the arm

Answer 39

Question 40

UMN vs LMN

Answer 40

Question 41

What are these cranial nerves?

Answer 41

Question 42

Trachae levels

Answer 42