Random Flashcards
1
Q
Draw a muscle cross-section
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2
Q
Stomach cross-section
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3
Q
Explain what amino acids can be made into
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4
Q
Explain pacemakers in Cajal cells in GI
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5
Q
Explain the cholesterol pathway in the liver
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6
Q
Explain Latch bridge cycling
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7
Q
Explain the layers in the GI gut
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8
Q
Explain the layers in GI (in detail cells e.g. in intestines)
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9
Q
Draw and label the cross-section of a liver lobule
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10
Q
Draw and label a smooth muscle
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11
Q
Explain the different types of muscles (simple)
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12
Q
Explain how peristalsis takes place
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13
Q
Label & draw the arteries of the eye
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From the internal carotid artery
14
Q
What is presbycusis? (causes & classification)
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15
Q
What are the different types of atrophy?
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16
Q
What is SMA?
A
Is autosomal RECESSIVE
- Primarily due to SMN1 mutations
-
4 Types
- 1 - onset at 6 months unable to sit down on their own die as child (most common)
- 2 - 6-18 months get symptoms live
- 3 - least severe able to walk etc
- 4 - in adulthood (non-lifethreatening), weakening of muscles
- Treatments are gene therapies - target splicing of genes making shortened truncated but functional protein
17
Q
What is dorsiflexion & plantarflexion?
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18
Q
Layers in blood vessels arteries & veins
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19
Q
What are the names of prostaglandin inhibitors and agonists?
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- -prost- = agonists
- -iprant = antagonists
20
Q
What is made in the adrenal gland and where?
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21
Q
What are the effects of glucocorticoids?
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22
Q
What does pannus mean (RA)?
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‘Pannus’ describes the hyperproliferative, inflammatory invasive vascularised tissue mass that is a hallmark feature of the joint in RA
23
Q
What are the steps in RA?
Risks?
Characteristics
A
- Infiltration of synovium by inflammatory cells and proliferation of synovial cells
- Increase in blood vessel formation
- Increased chemokine production and upregulation of adhesion molecules expression on vascular endothelium
- Cytokine production initiates matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) release leading to degradation of matrix
- Pannus formation
- A lot to do with genes e.g. HLA which is found on MHC gene
- Smoking
- Diet
- Infection
- Pollutants
Inflammation in RA is chronic through the persistent activity of immune/inflammatory cells and the abundance of mediators, they release
Also get fevers and systemic infections, pericarditis
24
Q
What are the types of T helper cells and how are they made and what do they produce?
A
25
What blood tests to do if think someone has RA?
* Full blood count
* ESR (erythrocyte sedimentation rate)
* CRP (C reactive protein)
* Urea and electrolytes
* Liver function tests
* Serum urate
* Consider Thyroid function, glucose
* Autoantibodies
Anti-CCP
Rheumatoid factor
26
What is:
* *objectivism*
* *reductionism*
* *positivism*
* *determinism*
* ***_Objectivism_*** (the observer is separate from the observed),
* ***_Reductionism_*** (all complex phenomenon are fully explainable in terms of simples, component phenomenon),
* ***_Positivism_*** (all relevant information can be derived from physically measurable data)
* ***_D_******_eterminism_*** (all phenomenon can be predicted from a knowledge of scientific law and initial starting conditions).
27
What is:
* *Impairment*
* Disability
* Handicap
* ***Impairment*** refers to 'any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological or anatomical structure or function’.
* '***Disability***' denotes 'any restriction or lack (resulting from an impairment) of ability to perform an activity in the manner or within the range considered normal for a human being’.
* ‘***Handicap***'’, is the ‘disadvantage for a given individual, resulting from an impairment or disability, that limits or prevents the fulfilment of a role that is normal (depending on age, sex and social and cultural factors) for that individual'
28
What is the **individual (medical) model of disability**?
* the subject of disability, until quite recently, has been written about by professionals who work with, medically treat or study those less-abled. This discourse is heavily medicalised and oriented towards care and treatment.
* Biological impairment is the key determinant of disability; deviation from ‘normal’ body functioning has ‘undesirable’ consequences for the affected individual; rehabilitation or adaptations are meant to facilitate what is considered to be ‘normal’ functioning.
* Aims to identify and meet the ‘needs’ of disabled individuals so that they may ‘fit’ into and readily ‘function’ in wider society.
* Medicalisation of disability - the ‘solution’ to disability lies in curative and rehabilitative medical intervention.
29
Critique of **individual (medical) model of disability**
* Abnormal physiology or functioning - what is ‘normal’ functioning? Historically constructed classification systems (individual behaviour and bodily and cognitive functions). Normality is socially constructed (ideal in Ancient Greece, normal arrives quite late)
* Other societies may not accord the same importance to functional efficiency (dyslexia in agricultural societies, seen important only in places where numeracy and literacy are important to social and economic participation; upper teeth first in Zimbabwe)
* Any out of the ordinary manifestations in bodies and behaviours may be perceived anomalous, but not necessarily stigmatised (Micronesia: birth defects seen as disabling only if paired with speech or hearing impairments - ability to participate is social life)
* Biological reductionism: individual deficit without social context
30
What is the **social model** of disability?
* •People with impairments are disabled by the social system which creates barriers to their participation (built environment, lack of captions in broadcasts).
31
Medical vs social models of disability
32
Types of discrimination against **disabled people**
* •(Dis)ableism - discrimination and prejudice against people with disabilities.
* •Social/economic – education and employment
* •Physical – access to built environment (housing, transport)
* •Cultural – language used/images of disability
* •TRAGIC VICTIM– (used a lot in charity advertising), makes us feel sorry for the individual, linked to the idea that disabled people should be pitied, sometimes may triumph over their tragedy
* •SINISTER VILLAIN – suggests there is something inherently sinister or evil about people with disabilities
* •‘SUPER CRIP’ – disabled people as heroes – focus on special achievements. Lesson to us all ‘always somebody worse off than you’
* •Behavioural – Hate Crime, abuse and violence, staring, lack of friendship and intimacy
* * • EDUCATIONAL SEGREGATION: the debate over special needs schooling
* •Disabled people have mixed feelings about the use of the word ‘special’ when what it means is separate and segregated
* •ECONOMIC DISCRIMINATION: disabled people are twice as likely to be unemployed as non-disabled people
33
What is narrative reconstruction?
* The routine way in which people make sense or give meaning to events in their life
* Can be way to cope with the disruption that chronic illness may bring
* Patients tell a ‘story’ of their illness as part of their biography in order to make sense of it in their lives
34
What is Allodynia?
* Pain due to a stimulus that does not normally provoke pain.
35
What is Hyperalgesia?
•Increased pain from a stimulus that normally provokes pain.
36
What is Hyperpathia?
•A painful syndrome characterized by an abnormally painful reaction to a stimulus, especially a repetitive stimulus, as well as an increased threshold.
37
Difference between **neuropathic, nociceptive & nociplastic pain**?
* **Neuropathic** pain caused by inflammation, irritation or neural tissue compression.
* **Nociceptive** pain is the body's reaction to painful stimuli such as a pulled back muscle or bone, and it does not cause nerve damage itself.
* **Nociplastic pain** - Pain that arises from altered nociception despite no clear evidence of actual or threatened tissue damage causing the activation of peripheral nociceptors or evidence for disease or lesion of the somatosensory system
38
Explain the **dermatomes** in the leg
39
Explain the dermatomes in the arm
40
**UMN** vs **LMN**
41
What are these **cranial nerves**?
42
Trachae levels
