Random Flashcards
At the lower oesophageal sphincter there is a transition from what to what type of epithelium?
Transition stratified squamous to columnar epithelium
What artery supplies the foregut, the midgut and the hindgut?
Foregut - celiac trunk
Midgut - superior mesenteric artery
Hindgut - inferior mesenteric artery
Which branch of the aorta supplies the liver?
Celiac trunk
Where does the foregut end?
Halfway through the duodenum
Where does the midgut end and the hindgut begin?
Distal third of transverse colon
Name the smooth muscle of the large bowel
Teniae coli
What artery relevant to the GI system is described as having a tortuous course?
Splenic artery
Is the pancreas retroperitoneal or intraperitoneal?
The tail of the pancreas is the only part that is intraperitoneal
Where is B12 and folate absorbed?
Terminal ileum
“Semi digested food expelled from the stomach to the duodenum” is the definition of what
Chyme
Detoxification & protein, hormones, fat, carbohydrate metabolism are all the functions of what organ
Liver
What clotting factor is also known as fibrinogen? What clotting factor is also known as prothrombin?
Factor I
Factor II
What is asterixis?
Tremor liver flap caused by hepatic encephalopathy or CO2 retention
What is koilonychia?
Spoon nails caused by iron deficiency
What causes palmar erythema?
Cirrhosis
What is scleral icterus?
Jaundice
What is leuconychia a sign of?
Hypoalbuminaemia
What is caput medusae a sign of?
Portal hypertension
dilated superficial torturous epigastric veins
What are spider neavi a sign of?
May be caused by liver disease
A Lanz incision is used for what surgical procedure?
Appendectomy
A Pfannensteil incision is used for what surgical procedure?
Lower segment Caesarean section
What type of surgical incision is used for an AAA surgery?
Transverse
How do you distinguish small and large bowel on abdominal x-ray?
Small bowel plicae circularis - lines go all of the way through
Large bowel haustrations
How long before upper GI endoscopy should you fast and for how long should you only drink clear water?
Fast eight hours before, only clear water two hours before
For how long before an upper GI endoscopy should patients stop their PPI?
Stop PPI two weeks before, if inpatient stop as soon as arranged
Sigmoidoscopy refers to flexible sigmoidoscopy, true or false
True
What medication is used for a non-sedated upper GI endoscopy?
Lidocaine throat spray
What medication is used for a flexible sigmoidoscopy?
Usually none
What type and when are enemas given as prep for flexible sigmoidoscopy?
Phosphate enema day before + on day of
fast from midnight
What medication is used for a colonoscopy?
Usually none
opiate or midozalam options
For how long before colonoscopy should patients have a liquid diet?
24hr
What does ERCP stand for?
Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography
A contrast MRI of biliary system/pancreas is also known as what?
MRCP
Why is colonoscopy not used in the acute setting?
Need to prep/empty bowels
What should you check for on blood tests before ERCP?
Clotting, give IV vit K
not absorbing since it is fat soluble
Pancreatitis is a complication of ERCP, how do you monitor for it?
Check amylase 24 hours afterwards
Why should you avoid colonoscopy in the acutely inflamed bowel?
Increased risk perforation
What does air under the diaphragm on abdominal x-ray suggest?
Bowel perforation
What is pneumoperitoneum?
Free air in peritoneal cavity
Air seen on both sides of the intestines on abdominal x-ray is what? What does it suggest? what investigation should be done next?
Rigler’s sign – free air in diaphragm
Next step CT
What does a coffee Bean sign on abdominal x-ray suggest
Sigmoid volvulus
Where does the trachea bifurcate
Carina
What does the stepladder sign on abdominal x-ray represent
Small bowel obstruction
A bird beak or rat-tail appearance on a Gastrografin swallow suggests what
Achalasia
Gallstones in the gallbladder can be seen on US - true or false
True
What is more invasive MRCP or ERCP, what can be used for therapeutic reasons?
ERCP more invasive, involves endoscope inserted by mouth + XR, can investigate plus remove stones at the same time, can stent a tumour
MRCP less invasive, can’t do anything therapeutic
Duodenal perforation is a complication of ERCP, true or false?
True
