Rajasthan geography Flashcards
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Plains in Rajasthan
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23% area Maximum population density Industrial and infrastructure development biodiversity Kevaladev, Bird Sanctuary, Tiger Reserves, National Parks Agro production like mustard, wheat, pulses It is a part of Indo-Gangetic Plains
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Bhati plain
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tribal population scheduled areas
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Banas plain banganga plain
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brown alluvial soil major stone age sites of rajasthan
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chambal plain
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luni plain ghaghar plain
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cotton, wheat, mustard. Irrigation supported by Indira Gandhi canal has developed this plain. gaghar hakra kathi or baggi soil
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forest cover in rajasthan
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Forest cover in Rajasthan is 4.8% of total geographical area of Rajasthan. Udaipur has highest forest area and Churu has minimum forest area.
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Tropical thorny forests
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Tropical thorny forests is found in Rajasthan in Bikaner, Jaisalmer, Badmer, Jalore, Jodhpur, Nagore, Churu, Sikar, Jhunjhunu. Xerophytic vegetations like Kair, Dhokda, Khejri, Rohida, Babul, Neem. High Temperature, Low Rainfall, Evaporation High, Rainfall is Less, Root Penetration of Plants is High in order to get Water.
Khejri, Multipurpose Tree, State Tree, Kalpvriksh of Rajasthan. Rohida is a state flower of Rajasthan. Sewan is a nutritious grass found in Jaisalmer.
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Tropical deciduous forests
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Tropical deciduous forests also known as monsoon forests found mainly in Udaipur, Dungarpur, Baswada, Chittorgarh, and Hadoti as well as in Alwar, Ajmer Jaipur, Karoli, Sawai Madhpur, Tonk. Teak, Bunion, Mango, Dhonk, Salar, Saal, Bamboo, Indian Gooseberry, Neem, Indian Rosewood, Gullar, Mahua. Trees shed their leaves in summer season. Most of the wood is sturdy of this forest. Sturdy means strong, well-built.
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Semi-Tropical Evergreen Forests
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They are found mainly in high hilly areas especially in Mount Abu. Vegetations like mango, bamboo, teak
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Q
keoladev mukundara desert national
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Keuladeva National Park in Bharatpur district of Rajasthan. Birds like Siberian crane, heron, stork, quail, koel.
Ranthambore National Park in Sawai Madhpur district. Tiger, Sambar, Blue Buck, Crocodile. Famous for Indian Tiger.
Mukundara Hill National Park in Kota and Chittorgarh Famous for tiger, sloth bear, hyena, jackal, wolf, sambar, blue buck, Indian gazelle,
Desert National Park and Wildlife Sanctuary, Jaisalmer and Badmer, Great Indian Bustard, Blue Buck, Indian Gazelle, Wolf, Jackal, Fox
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Q
keladevi kumbhalgarh
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Kela Devi Wildlife Sanctuary, Sabhaimadpur, Karoli, Black Panther, Wolf, Spotted Deer, Rabbit
Kumbhalgarh Wildlife Sanctuary, Raj Samant, Pali, Udaipur, Indian Gazelle, Blue Buck, Tiger, Bear
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Q
Rajasthan Wetland Authority
Ramsar wetland
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Rajasthan Wetland Authority notified in 2018, it was reconstituted in 2020, it is headed by Minister of Environment.
There are two Ramsar wetland sites in Rajasthan, Sambar and Keuladev. Keuladev is also present in Montreux Record.
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Q
other wildlife
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There are 567 wildlife sanctuaries in India, of which 26 sanctuaries are there in Rajasthan. First sanctuary is Bandh Baretha on Kakund River, Bharatpur.
के सरबाग, रामसागर, इन्धोलपुर
जम्वा रामगड, नहारगड, के ला देवी, रन्धंबोर, सवाई मानसेंग, दरार्, जवाहर सागर, कोटा, बुंधी, बस्सी, बैसौरगड,
National Chambal Wildlife Sanctuary, Ramgarh Vishthari is in Boondi, Shergarh is in Bara, National Gadiyal Sanctuary So, in Chambal River, National Gariyal Sanctuary, and you will find National Chambal Sanctuary.
Sitamata Sanctuary in Udaipur Chittorgarh Phulwari Kinnal, Sajjangarh, Jaisamand in Udaipur Kumbhalgarh in Pali, Rajsamand, Udaipur Rawli Tatgarh in Rajsamand, Pali, Ajmer Abu in Mount Abu, Desert National Park in Jaisalmer, Badmer
So, there are five national parks in Rajasthan, Sariska, Kevladev, Ranthambore, Mukundara, and Desert.
Project TIGER is a centrally sponsored scheme launched in 1973. Global Tiger Day on 29th July
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Q
Rajasthan State Biodiversity Board
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was constituted in 2010 by Biological Diversity Act 2002 and Biological Diversity Rules 2010 on 14th September 2010. Four horned antelope in Kumbhalgarh.
15
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hunting prohibited zones
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hunting prohibited zones
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sole producer
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of Wollastonite, Lead, Steatite, and Zinc.
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wollastonite lead zinc steatite use
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stones potash
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Alwar, sandstone in Bharatpur, redstone in Dholpur, kota stone in Kota, soapstone in Udaipur, bloodstone/ tamda/ garnet in Tonk rajmahal rajgir and ajmer sarwar
Chemical fertilizers like potassium nitrate, potassium sulfate, potassium chloride is made up of potash. So potash is found in Hanumangad of Rajasthan.
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feldspar tungsten
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Sansi tribe is mainly distributed in Ajmer and Bharatpur.
There are two sub-castes of Sansi, Bija and Mala. Widow remarriage doesn't take place. swearing of Bakhar, Bhauji, Kukdi custom after marriage
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Damor tribe,
Simmelwada, Dungarpur Practice subsistence, agriculture, and animal husbandry Their headman is Mukhi. Polygamy is prevalent in Damod tribe. Dapa system. Bridal money, Gujrati effect, men wore jewellery, Fairs - Gyaras ki rewari, chela bawji panchmahal gujarat
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Kathodi
Obtain Katha from Kher Tree. Originally from Maharashtra. Reside mainly in Udaipur in Rajasthan. Don't drink milk. Drink alcohol. Women also drink alcohol. Fond of monkey meat. Their headman is Nayak. Women do not wear ornaments. Women get tattoos instead of ornaments. Live in tree house kholra, kasarimata bhari mata gamdev vadya dev doogar dev , vulnerable, population declining, 100 days extra employment under MNREGA.
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Garasia
, Gaurlila performed in Abu region, Peacock, sacred bird of Gracia. Abu Block Plateau, 1200 meters, is also famous for panchayats of Garasiya tribes, which is known as Nyat-Moti-Nenaki-Nichli. nakki lake. Marriage in which Garasia women and Bheel men, that couple and their offsprings came to known as Gameti-Garasia. चत्र विचित्र फेर इन दिल्वारा सिरोही, गरासिया त्राइब कोटेश्वर फेर इन गुझरात, मोर बंदिया, तानना, पहरावना, मैल्बो, खेवनो, एक्स्ट्रामेरिटल, सेवा, घरजमाई. Sehlot head, canapy of person Hure. heleru cooperative society
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Bhil
Bhil, Mainly concentrated in and around Udaipur, Beneshwar Fair and Ghotia Amba Fair in Bhanswara. So Ghotia Amba has mines of gold, gold mines. DIVORCE is known as CHEDA FADNA in BHEEL. Red colored saree of Bheel is Sindhuri, yellow colored is Priya. Mautana compensation after death. Parijani wonen anklets, kachabhu wore on waist, Thepada, is like a Dhoti. khoytu, Two types of shifting cultivation, if it is done on mountain is known as Chimata and when it is done in plain is known as Dajiya. Community agriculture is known as Helmo. पाखरिया भील है जो killed कैविलरी सोलजर्ज fayre fayre rann ghosh. Mahua made alcohol, Swear of kesariya nath ji, Bhardi mata goddess of marriage. Marring by witnessing plants and trees(symbol of god Totam) is known as Hathi Wendo. Gameti head of entire bhil tribe. Village pal. village headmen palvi.
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Meena
is most populous, most educated. Tribe of Rajasthan reside mainly in Jaipur. There are two categories of meena, Chowkidar and Jamidar. Their main god is Bhuriya Baba. Mourni Mandana is a ceremony done at the time of marriage.
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Sahariya
Sahariya tribe has highest population in PVTGs, i.e., 4.5 lakh.
Rights on land under Forest Rights Act, 2006
Vandhan 100% Central Grant
Employment opportunities through TRIFED
Sahariya
They reside mainly in Shahabad Upland and Kishangunj in Baran district, the only primitive tribe of Rajasthan. Their village is known as Sehrol and their settlement is known as Sehrana. Their women are allowed to have tattoos while men are not. There is no Dowri system and Shraddh system in Saharia tribes. लट्मार होली शिवरात्री पर शिव जी करते हैं, लेंगी डान्स, दिपावली पर हीड सॉंग्स. Community centre hathai/ Dhaliya/ Bangla. Kotwal head. Alha and lehngi songs rainy season. They consider Valmiki as their founder. Sitabari Temple Baran is their sacred place.
Dhaari sanskaar
Three tier panchayati organisation
पंचिताई 5 villages एकादशी 11 villages चोरासी 84 villages
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पर्धान मंत्री आवास योजना, Integrated Tribal Development Program, National Rural Livelihood Mission, Tribal Sub-Plan, Scholarship Scheme for Tribal Students, महिला सम्रद्धी योजना, वन बंदु कल्यान योजना,
1973, on the recommendation of the Dhebar Commission, less developed tribes were classified as a separate category, Primitive Tribal Groups.
In 2006, Government of India renamed PTG as PVTG.
Characteristics of PVTG State of Isolation, Low Literacy Level Stable or Declining Population Lack of Written Script and Language Subsistence Economy
Odisha has maximum number of PVTG population.
Article 244, Schedule 5, which excludes Assam-Meghalaya-Tirupura-Mizoram, and Schedule 6 includes Assam-Meghalaya-Tirupura-Mizoram. Government of India notified in 2018 eight districts as scheduled districts in Rajasthan.
Fifth Scheduled Districts in Rajasthan. There are total 8 districts. 3 full districts Dungarpur, Bhanswada, Pratapgarh, Five partial districts, Sirohi, Pali, Raj Samandh, Udaipur, Chittorgarh.
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world heritage sites
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National Parks in Rajasthan
Ranthambhore NP: District: Sawai Madhopur, Area: 282.03 Sq.km, Date: 1980, Notes: 1st National Park of Rajasthan, 1st tiger project of Rajasthan, 'Home of tiger', Famous Tigress T-16 Machali, Trinetra Ganesh Temple, Jogi Mahal, Dog Valley, The only Natural heritage of state included in UNESCO Heritage list (1985); Keoladeo NP: District: Bharatpur, Area: 28.73 Sq.km, Date: 1981, Notes: Siberian Cranes come here in winter season, 'Paradise of Birds', Included in Ramsar site (1981); Mukundra Hills NP: District: Kota & Chittorgarh, Area: 199.55 Km2, Date: 2012, Notes: Latest National Park, Famous for Gagroni Parrots, Third tiger project of Rajasthan.
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Types of Wildlife Conservation
In-Situ Conservation: Preserving organisms in their natural habitat. Examples include National Parks, Wildlife Sanctuaries, Tiger Conservation Projects, Ramsar Sites, Conservation Reserves, Hunting Prohibition Areas, and Biospheres.; Ex-Situ Conservation: Conservation of organisms outside their natural habitat. Examples include Zoos, Deer Parks, Animal Gene Banks, and Aquariums.
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Wildlife Sanctuaries in Rajasthan (1-7)
1. Ramsagar - Dholpur (1955); 2. Van Vihar - Dholpur (1955); 3. Kesar Bagh - Dholpur (1955); 4. Sariska - Alwar (1955): 2nd Tiger Project of Rajasthan, Peacock & Green Pigeon; 5. Sawai Madhopur - Sawai Madhopur (1955): Gagroni Parrots; 6. Jaisamand - Udaipur (1955): 'Colony of aquatic animals'; 7. Darrah - Kota and Jhalawar (1955)
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Wildlife Sanctuaries in Rajasthan (8-14)
8. TalChhappar - Churu (1962): BlackBuck & Kurja; 9. Kumbalgarh - Udaipur, Pali & Rajsamand (1971): Famous for wolves & Ranakpur Jain Temple; 10. Jawaharsagar - Bundi, Kota, Chittorgarh (1975): Famous for Alligators; 11. National Chambal Ghariyal - Dholpur, Karoli, Sawaimadhopur, Bundi, Kota (1979): Ghariyal and Gangetic Dolphins; 12. Sitamata wild life sanctuary - Chittorgarh & Udaipur (1979): Max. Biodiversity found here, Flying squirrel, Pangolin, Chital; 13. Nahargarh - Jaipur (1980): Biological Park, Largest Smallest, Sariska -A - 3KM2, Sajjangarh Sanctuary - 5KM2, Talchapar Sanctuary - 7KM2, National Desert Park - 3162KM2, Keladevi Sanctuary - 677KM2, Kumbhalgarh Sanctuary - 611KM2; 14. National Desert Park - Jaisalmer, Barmer (3612 Km2) (1980): Largest sanctuary in Rajasthan, Savan Grass, Godawan & Chinkara, Fossil Park
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Wildlife Sanctuaries in Rajasthan (15-21)
15. Ramgarh Vishdhari - Bundi (1982): Python, Mej river; 16. Jamwaramgarh - Jaipur (1982): Dhok Forest, Jamwai Mata Temple; 17. Todgarh Raoli - Ajmer, Pali, Rajsamand (1983); 18. Phulwari Ki naal - Udaipur (1983): The Som, Mansi, Wakal river flow in the sanctuary; 19. Bhensrodgarh - Chittorgarh (1983): Famous for alligator located on the bank of Chambal & Brahamani rivers; 20. Shergarh - Baran (1983): Famous for snake & shergarh fort, Parwan river; 21. Keladevi - Karoli & Sawaimadhopur (1983): Dhok forest
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Wildlife Sanctuaries in Rajasthan (22-26)
22. Sawai Mansingh - Sawaimadhopur (1984); 23. Bandh baretha - Bharatpur (1985): The house of Birds; 24. Sajjangarh - Udaipur (1987): 1st Biological Park built in this; 25. Bassi - Chittorgarh (1988); 26. Mount Abu - Sirohi (2008): Dicliptera abu ensis found here
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Tiger Projects in Rajasthan
1. Ranthambore (1974): Sawai Madhopur, Karauli, Bundi, Tonk, 1407 Km2, Ranthambore National Park, Sawai Madhopur Sanctuary, Keladevi Sanctuary, National Chambal Sanctuary; 2. Sariska (1978): Alwar, Jaipur, 1213 Km2, Sariska Sanctuary and Jamwaramadh Sanctuary; 3. Mukundra Hills (2013): Kota, Bundi, Jhalawar, Chittorgarh, 760 Km2, Mukandra Hills National Park, Darrah Sanctuary, Chambal Sanctuary, Jawaharsagar Sanctuary; 4. Ramgarh Vishdhari (2021): Bundi, Kota, Jhalawar, 1502 Km2, Ramgarh Vishdhari, National Chambal Sanctuary
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Ramsar Sites in Rajasthan
1. Keoladeo (1981): Siberian Cranes; 2. Sambhar (1990): Kurja & Flamingo
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Conservation Reserves in Rajasthan (1-9)
1. Jorbeer Garh Wala - Bikaner; 2. Jawai Dam Leopard – I - Pali; 3. Jawai Dam Leopard – II - Pali; 4. Beed - Jhunjhunu; 5. Bansiyal – Khetri - Jhunjhunu; 6. Bansiyal - Khetri Bagor - Jhunjhunu; 7. Mansa Mata - Jhunjhunu; 8. Bisalpur - Tonk; 9. Sundha Mata - Jalore, Sirohi
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Conservation Reserves in Rajasthan (10-18)
10. Shakambhari - Sikar, Jhunjhunu; 11. Gagelav - Nagaur; 12. Rotu - Nagaur; 13. Gudha Vishnoyan - Jodhpur; 14. Ummedganj Pakshi Vihar - Kota; 15. Shahbad Forest - Baran; 16. Beed Grass Fuliya Kurdh - Bhilwara; 17. Baghdara Crocodile - Udaipur; 18. Rann Khar - Jalore
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Conservation Reserves in Rajasthan (19-27)
19. Shahbad-Talhati - Baran; 20. Vada Kheda - Sirohi; 21. Jhalana Amagarh - Jaipur; 22. Ramgarh-Kunji-Sunwas - Baran; 23. Arwar Village - Ajmer; 24. Sorsan - Baran; 25. Khichan - Jodhpur; 26. Hamirgarh - Bhilwara; 27. Banjh-Amli - Baran
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Hunting Prohibited Regions in Rajasthan
Total: 33; Maximum hunting prohibition area - Jodhpur (7); Largest - Kotsar Samvatsar - Churu – Bikaner; Smallest – Kanaka Sagar (Bundi)
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Zoos in Rajasthan
1. Jaipur Zoo - Established by Ram Singh-II in 1876 at Ram Niwas Bagh. Presently shifted to Nahargarh Sanctuary.; 2. Udaipur Zoo - Established in 1878 at Gulabbagh (Udaipur); 3. Bikaner Zoo - Established in 1922. Currently closed.; 4. Jodhpur Zoo - Established in 1936, the zoo and Godavan breeding center are located here.; 5. Kota Zoo - Established in 1954.
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Deer Parks in Rajasthan
1. Ashok – Jaipur; 2. Sanjay - Jaipur; 3. Amrita Devi - Jodhpur; 4. Machiya Safari - Jodhpur; 5. Pushkar - Ajmer; 6. Sajjangarh - Udaipur; 7. Durg - Chittorgarh
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Khejri
Scientific Name: Prosopis Cineraria, Maximum Area: Western Rajasthan, Other Names: State Tree (1983), Pride of the State, Shami tree, Kalpvraksh of state, Jaanti (Local Language), Note: Worshiped on Vijayadashami/Dussehra
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Rohida
Scientific Name: Tecomella Undulata, Maximum Area: Western Rajasthan, Other Name: State flower (1983), Teak of Desert
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Mahua
Scientific Name: Maduca longifolia, Maximum Area: Dungarpur, Note: Known as “Kalpavriksha of Tribes”, Mahua flower is used in making liquor
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Palash/Dhak/Khakra
Scientific Name: Butea monosperma, Maximum Area: Rajsamand, Note: Also known as ‘The Flame of Forest’
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Dicliptera Abu ensis/Ambertari
Note: Medicinal plant found only in Mount Abu in the world
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Khair
Maximum Area: Udaipur, Chittorgarh, Note: “Kattha” is prepared by the Kathori tribe from the bark of this tree
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Mulberry/Shahtoot
Maximum Area: Udaipur, Note: Silk is produced from the silkworm on this tree (Sericulture)
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Tendu
Maximum Area: Pratapgarh, Chittorgarh, Hadoti, Note: Leaves are used for making Beedi, fruits called “Timru”, tree nationalized in 1974
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Jamun (Blackberry)
Maximum Area: Mount Abu, Ajmer, Note: Useful for diabetic patients
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Teak
Maximum Area: Banswara, Note: Wood mainly used in making furniture
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Sewan/Leelon Grass
Scientific Name: Lasiurus Scindicus, Maximum Area: Jaisalmer, Note: Useful for milch animals, also called the shelter of Godavan (Great Indian Bustard)
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Dhaman
Scientific Name: Cenchrus Setigerus, Maximum Area: Jaisalmer, Note: Useful for animals
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Bamboo
Scientific Name: Bambusa Vulgaris, Maximum Area: Banswara, Note: Longest grass, also called “Green Gold” of the tribes
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Khas Grass
Maximum Area: Bharatpur, Sawai Madhopur, Tonk, Ajmer, Note: Fragrant grass, useful in making syrup and perfume
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Bur Grass
Maximum Area: Bikaner, Note: Fragrant grass
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Mochia Grass
Maximum Area: Churu, Note: Found in Talchhapar Sanctuary
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Desert Afforestation Programme
Started: 1977-78, Districts: 10, Financial Cooperation: Centre: State = 75: 25
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Operation Khejri
Started: 1991, Objective: Combating Desertification
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Aravalli Afforestation Plan
Started: 1992 (8 years - 1992 to 2000), Cooperation: Japan
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State Forest Action Plan (SFAP)
Started: 1996-2016 (20 Years Programme)
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Rajasthan Forest and Biodiversity Project
Assistance: Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), Objectives: 1. Increase forests and biodiversity, 2. Soil and underground water conservation, 3. Poverty reduction and Livelihood Program, Phases: Phase I: 2003-2010 (8 years), Phase II: 2011-2022
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Desert Development Programme (DDP)
Started: 1977-78, Districts: 16, Financial Cooperation: Centre: State = 75: 25
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Harit Rajasthan Yojna
Duration: 2009-2014, Note: Five-year forestry plan
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Van Dhan Yojna
Started: 12 Aug. 2015, Objectives: 1. Reduce dependency on forests for those living near the forest, 2. Provide employment opportunities, 3. Conserve wild animals
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Van Dhan Vikas Yojana (Central Government)
Started: 14 April 2018, Objective: Increase the income of tribes through non-wood products
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Ghar Ghar Aushadhi Yojana
Started: 1 Aug. 2021 (5 years scheme - 2021 to 2026), Objectives: 1. Increase Immunity, 2. Grow medicinal plants, Note: 4 plants included in this scheme: Tulsi, Ashwagandha, Kalmegh, and Giloy
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Wildlife Protection Act
Year: 1972
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Tiger Protection Act
Year: 1973
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Crocodile Protection Act
Year: 1975
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Forest Conservation Act
Year: 1980 (1988)
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Environment Conservation Act
Year: 1986
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Elephant Conservation Act
Year: 1992
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Biodiversity Conservation Act
Year: 2002
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Dolphin Conservation Act
Year: 2009
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CAZRI - Central Arid Zone Research Institute
Establishment: 1959, Jodhpur, Sub-centres: Bikaner, Jaisalmer, Pali, Bhuj (Kutch-Gujarat), Leh (Ladakh)
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AFRI - Arid Forest Research Institute
Establishment: 1987, Jodhpur
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Sajjangarh
Location: Udaipur, Note: First Biological Park in Rajasthan
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Machia Safari
Location: Jodhpur
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Nahargarh
Location: Jaipur
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Abheda
Location: Kota (Nanta)
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Marudhara
Location: Bikaner (Beechwal), Note: Under Construction
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Nature Park
Location: Churu, Sikar
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Cactus Garden
Location: Kuldhara (Jaisalmer)
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Bougainvillea Park
Location: Udaipur, Jaipur
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Biodiversity Park
Location: Gamdhar (Udaipur)
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Kishan Bagh
Location: Jaipur
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City Park
Location: Jaipur
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Monkey Valley of Rajasthan
Location: Galta Ji (Jaipur)
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Butterfly Valley
Location: Kulish Smriti Van (Jaipur)
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First Forest Policy
Year: 1894
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Independent India’s First Forest Policy
Year: 1952
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Latest Forest Policy
Year: 1988, Note: According to the latest forest policy, the target of forests is…
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State Forest Policy
Date: 18 Feb. 2010, Goal: 20% of the total geographical area as forests
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State Eco-tourism Policy
Date: First implemented on 4 February 2020
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Forest Census Institution
Institution: Forest Survey and Research Institution, Dehradun (Uttarakhand)
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Forest Census Frequency
Frequency: Once every two years
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Geographical Area
Percentage: 33%
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Mountain Area
Percentage: 60%
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Plain Area
Percentage: 20%
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ISFR Report
Edition: 17th total forest area in Rajasthan, Percent: 7.43%, Area: 25,488 KM²
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वनावरण (Forest Cover)
Percentage: 4.87%, Area: 16,654 KM²
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वृ ावरण (Tree Cover)
Percentage: 2.56%, Area: 8,311 KM²
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Maximum Forest Area
Area: Udaipur - 2,753 KM², Percent: Udaipur - 23.49%
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Minimum Forest Area
Area: Churu - 77 KM², Percent: Jodhpur - 0.48%
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Legal/Administrative Classification
Reserved Forest: Restriction: Forest wood cutting, cattle grazing, and hunting are completely banned, Most spread in: Udaipur
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Protected Forest
Restriction: Limited exemption on wood cutting and cattle grazing
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Unclassified Forest
Note: None
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Semi-arid Desert Region
Regions: Luni-Basin, Nagaur, Shekhawati, Karauli, Sawai Madhopur, Main forests: Khejri, Rohida, Acacia/Babool, Ber, Kair, Importance: Fuel wood is obtained
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Tropical Dry Deciduous Forest
Rainfall: 50 – 80 cm, Forest Area: 28%, Extension: Alwar, Bharatpur, Karauli, Dholpur, Udaipur, Chittorgarh, Bhilwara, Rajsamand, Main forests: Sal, teak, rosewood (Shisham), Mango, Sandalwood, Importance: Highest economic importance (Timber)
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Tropical Teak Forest
Rainfall: 75 – 110 cm, Forest Area: 7%, Extension: Banswara, Dungarpur, Pratapgarh, Kota, Jhalawar, Main forests: Gular, Mahua, Tendu, Importance: Useful in the industrial sector
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Sub-Tropical Evergreen Forest
Rainfall: 150 cm, Forest Area: 1%, Extension: Mount Abu, Main forests: Dicliptera abu ansis (Ambarstari), Jamun, Bamboo, Importance: Most biodiversity found here
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Desertification and Land Degradation
The Thar Desert is expanding into arable land; Overgrazing, deforestation, and improper agricultural practices cause soil erosion and land degradation.
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Water Scarcity
Rajasthan has limited water resources, low rainfall, and high evaporation rates; Over-extraction of groundwater has led to a significant drop in water tables.
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Deforestation and Loss of Biodiversity
Illegal logging, overgrazing, and land conversion for agriculture threaten forests; Loss of natural habitats affects biodiversity, threatening various plant and animal species.
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Air Pollution
Urban areas like Jaipur face rising air pollution due to vehicular emissions, industrial activities, and construction dust; Traditional biomass use for cooking in rural areas contributes to indoor air pollution.
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Waste Management
Inadequate waste management systems lead to solid waste accumulation, especially in urban areas; Improper disposal and lack of recycling facilities contribute to environmental pollution and health hazards.
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Mining Activities
Extensive mining of minerals like marble, granite, and limestone; Mining operations lead to land degradation, water pollution, and dust generation.
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Climate Change
Rising temperatures and changing precipitation patterns exacerbate existing environmental problems; Increased frequency and intensity of extreme weather events pose new challenges for agriculture and water management.
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Wildlife Conservation
Poaching and habitat loss threaten endangered species like the Indian bustard and Asiatic lion; Conservation efforts are needed to protect wildlife and maintain ecological balance.
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Water-Polluted Rivers in Rajasthan
Banas River: Pollution from agricultural runoff, domestic sewage, and industrial effluents; Chambal River: Pollution from industrial discharges and agricultural runoff; Luni River: Pollution from industrial effluents and salinity issues; Saraswati River: Pollution from untreated industrial waste and sewage; Sahibi River: Pollution from domestic sewage and industrial effluents.
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Addressing Environmental Issues
Requires coordinated efforts from government, local communities, and NGOs; Implement sustainable practices, enhance conservation efforts, and promote environmental awareness.
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Mesa-Mandeswara Plateau
Located in Chittorgarh and Lasadia Plateau, east of Jaisamand Lake, Udaipur.
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Mewal region
Region between Dungarpur and Banswada.
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भोराट प्लेट्यू
Located in Kumbhalgarh, Rajsamand, Gogunda, Udaipur, and Dungarpur.
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Udia Plateau
Highest plateau of Rajasthan at 1360 meters, part of Aravalli in Sirohi.
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Abu Block
Located at 1200 meters, batholithic shape, includes Nakki Lake, Delwara Temples, Achalgarh Fort, Adhar Devi Temple, Trevor’s Tank, Shri Pavapuri Teerth Dham.
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Kankanwadi and Karanska Plateaus
Located in Alwar, near Sariska Tiger Reserve, includes Bala Quila, Siliserh Lake, Bhangarh Fort, Moosi Maharani Chhatri, Neemrana Fort Palace, Pandupol.
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Vindhyan Scrap Land
Extended from Eastern and Southeastern Rajasthan to Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, and Bihar. Known for Bandahogar National Park, and rich in minerals like sandstone, limestone, redstone, Kota stone, and diamond. Includes Chambal ravines, Haroti, Dang, Karoli, Dholpur, Sawai Madhopur, and topographies like Crescent Hills, Shahabad Upland, and Ramgarh crater. Rich biodiversity with two tiger reserves.
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Hadothi Plateau
A basalt lava plateau with light black soil, experiencing high fluvial denudation by Chambal River, characterized by Chambal ravines. Divided into Deccan Lava and Vindhyan Scrapland in Rajasthan. Known for agricultural productivity in crops like rice, spice, soybean, and garlic. Rich in biodiversity, home to alligators, crocodiles, and gangetic dolphins. Features include Shahabad Upland and crescent hills.
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Great Boundary Fault
A major tectonic lineament in southeastern Rajasthan between Aravalli Mountain and Haroti Plateau, extending over 400 km. Known for fault rocks, fractures, and ductile shear zones. Potential UNESCO Geo Heritage or Geo Park site at Satur Boondi.
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rivers of rajasthan
drive
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Thar desert area population period soil slope desertification direction length breadth average height
Arid rathi semi arid bangar
