Rainfall

Question 0

Problems with rainfall collection: high wind speeds….

Answer 0

Use windshields around gauges

Question 1

Three issues with rainfall collection:

Answer 1

Rain gauge may malfunction.
High winds around rain gauge.
Measuring rainfall over a large area is costly.

Question 2

Problems with rainfall collection: gauge malfunction

Answer 2

Interpret data with caution.

Question 3

Problems with rainfall collection: high costs of collection over large areas

Answer 3

Too costly - supply and maintenance.
Low gauge density = loss of accuracy.
Use theisson polygon method.

Question 4

The origin of dissolved ions: Ocean -

Answer 4

Sodium cation Na+ & chloride ion Cl-

Question 5

Estimations in vegetated areas: storage capacity

Answer 5

The negative intercept between through fall and vegetation.

Varies depending on type of vegetation.

Question 6

Estimations in vegetated areas: Throughfall

Answer 6

Use individual gauges on ground below conopy.

Cover ground with impermeable sheet to collect total rainfall.

Question 7

Estimations in vegetated areas: Stemflow

Answer 7

Attach ring collection devices around trees.

Question 8

Ions increase when passing through a canopy; hydrogen decreases…

Answer 8

The hydrogen ions are absorbed by the leaf surface. Sodium and magnesium are absorbed by rainwater. The rainwater, depleted in hydrogen, passes through the canopy.

Question 9

The origin of dissolved ions: Weathering -

Answer 9

Calcium Ca2+

Question 10

The origin of dissolved ions: Fertilisers -

Answer 10

NO3 & NH4^+

Question 11

The origin of dissolved ions: Fossil fuels -

Answer 11

SO4 ^2-