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Rain Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

List eight ways of acquiring knowledge in nursing

A

Authority

Trial and Error

Role Modeling

Reasoning

Intuition

Tradition

Personal Experience

Borrowing

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2
Q

Nursing has ______________ knowledge from other disciplines such as medicine, psychology, and sociology.

A

borrowed

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3
Q

Nurses often have a “gut feeling” or “just know” when patients’ conditions become very serious. This is an example of ___________________.

A

Intuition

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4
Q

In the internship, new graduates are encouraged to act as _______________.

A

Role Models

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5
Q

Two types of logical reasoning are ______________ and _________________.

A

Deductive and Inductive

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6
Q

What type of reasoning do the three sentences below represent? ___________________

  1. Human beings experience pain
  2. Babies are human beings
  3. Therefore babies experience pain.
A

Deductive Reasoning

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7
Q

__________________is considered the first nurse researcher.

A

Florence Nightingale

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8
Q

Identify three research designs that could be conducted to generate a science for nursing.

A
  1. Quantitative
  2. Qualitative
  3. Outcome
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9
Q

Identify four types of research.

A
  1. Descriptive
  2. Correlational
  3. Quasi experimental
  4. Experimental
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10
Q

A research design that emphasizes the use of numbers & statistics to analyze & explain social events and human behavior. ____________________________

A

Quantitative

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11
Q

A research design that uses systematic observation & focuses on the meanings people give to their social actions. _______________________________

A

Qualitative

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12
Q
  1. In which type of research is there high researcher control, random sampling, and controlled setting?
    a. Descriptive
    b. Correlational
    c. Experimental
    d. Quasi-experimental
A

C. Experimental

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13
Q
  1. Which of the following types of research involve at least a minor degree of control by the researcher to implement the study treatment?
    a. Correlational
    b. Descriptive
    c. Experimental
    d. Quasi-experimental
A

D. Quasi-experimental

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14
Q
  1. The question “Is there a relationship between caffeine intake and intraocular pressure in patients with glaucoma?” is an example of which type of research?
    a. Basic
    b. Correlational
    c. Historical
    d. Phenomenological
A

b. Correlational

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15
Q
  1. What category or type of research is suggested by the following research question?

“Does telephone follow-up by nurses improve patients’ compliance with their medication regimens?”

a. Applied
b. Basic
c. Phenomenological
d. Quality assurance

A

a. Applied

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16
Q
  1. Applied research seeks to solve a clinical problem in which setting?
    a. Controlled
    b. Laboratory
    c. Natural
    d. Simulated
A

c. Natural

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17
Q

Determining the Effect of a Relaxation Technique on Patient’s Post-Operative Pain.

 a. Descriptive                         
 b. Correlational research
 c. Quasi-experimental research     
 d. Experimental research
A

c. Quasi-experimental research

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18
Q

Identifying the Incidence of HIV in Adolescents and Young Adults.

 a. Descriptive                         
 b. Correlational research
 c. Quasi-experimental research     
 d. Experimental research
A

a. Descriptive

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19
Q

Examining the Relationships among age, gender, knowledge of AIDS, and Use of Condoms in College Students.

 a. Descriptive                         
 b. Correlational research
 c. Quasi-experimental research     
 d. Experimental research
A

b. Correlational research

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20
Q

Describing the Coping Strategies of Chronically Ill Men and Women

 a. Descriptive                         
 b. Correlational research
 c. Quasi-experimental research     
 d. Experimental research
A

a. Descriptive

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21
Q

Determining the Effect of Impaired Physical Mobility on Skeletal Muscle Atrophy in Laboratory Rats.

 a. Descriptive                         
 b. Correlational research
 c. Quasi-experimental research     
 d. Experimental research
A

d. Experimental research

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22
Q

Name 4 Qualitative Methods (approaches)

A
  1. Phenomenological
  2. Grounded Theory
  3. Ethnographic
  4. Historical
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23
Q

The __________approach Studies cultures

A. Phenomenological
B. Grounded Theory
C. Ethnographic
D. Historical

A

C. Ethnographic

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24
Q

The __________ approach Studies interactions of individuals or groups

A. Phenomenological
B. Grounded Theory
C. Ethnographic
D. Historical

A

B. Grounded Theory

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25
Q

The _______approach Studies meaning of a lived experience

A. Phenomenological
B. Grounded Theory
C. Ethnographic
D. Historical

A

A. Phenomenological

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26
Q

The ________ approach Uses informatics

A. Phenomenological
B. Grounded Theory
C. Ethnographic
D. Historical

A

C. Ethnographic

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27
Q

The ________ approach Studies the past

A. Phenomenological
B. Grounded Theory
C. Ethnographic
D. Historical

A

D. Historical

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28
Q

In the _______ approach , Gaining entry is essential

A. Phenomenological
B. Grounded Theory
C. Ethnographic
D. Historical

A

C. Ethnographic

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29
Q

The ______ approach Uses constant comparative process

A. Phenomenological
B. Grounded Theory
C. Ethnographic
D. Historical

A

B. Grounded Theory

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30
Q

The ________ approach Develops an inventory of sources

A. Phenomenological
B. Grounded Theory
C. Ethnographic
D. Historical

A

D. Historical

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31
Q

The _________ approach Considers an experience unique to the individual

A. Phenomenological
B. Grounded Theory
C. Ethnographic
D. Historical

A

A. Phenomenological

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32
Q

Name four characteristics of rigor in qualitative research:

A
  1. openness
  2. Scrupulous adherence to a philosophical perspective
  3. Thoroughness in collecting data
  4. Consideration of all data in subjective theory development phase
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33
Q

A key factor in qualitative research is:

a) Confidentiality
b) Internal validity
c) Random sampling
d) Researcher-participant relationship

A

d) Researcher-participant relationship

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34
Q

The purpose of grounded theory research is to:

a) Describe experiences as they are lived.
b) Examine events of the past.
c) Observe and document interactions within a culture.
d) Study phenomena that contribute to theory development

A

d) Study phenomena that contribute to theory development

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35
Q

The purpose of ethnographic research is to:

a) Describe experiences as they are lived.
b) Examine events of the past.
c) Observe and document interactions within a culture.
d) Study phenomena that contribute to theory development

A

c) Observe and document interactions within a culture.

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36
Q

The purpose of phenomenological research is to:

a) Describe experiences as they are lived.
b) Examine events of the past.
c) Observe and document interactions within a culture.
d) Study phenomena that contribute to theory development

A

a) Describe experiences as they are lived.

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37
Q

Which of the following is true about qualitative research?

a) A priori categories are established for analysis purposes
b) Data are usually collected in a laboratory setting
c) Focus is on studying the “whole”
d) Intuition and abstraction are suppressed

A

c) Focus is on studying the “whole”

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38
Q

Data for qualitative studies are:

a) Based on words rather than numbers
b) Easy and straightforward to interpret
c) Gathered quickly from large numbers of people
d) Precisely analyzed on a computer

A

a) Based on words rather than numbers

39
Q

Which of the following methods would be most reasonable to use if a researcher is interested in finding out what it is like to live with a person who has a terminal illness?

a) Experimental methods
b) Forced-choice questionnaires
c) Phenomenological approach
d) Structured interviews

A

c) Phenomenological approach

40
Q

Qualitative research is based on which of the following?

a) A philosophy that all phenomena have antecedent causes
b) Logical positivist paradigm
c) Objective reality
d) The belief that multiple “truths” and “realities” exist

A

d) The belief that multiple “truths” and “realities” exist

41
Q

What Is a Research Problem?

A

Area of concern in which there is a gap in knowledge needed for practice

42
Q

Significance of a Research Problem?

A
  • Indicates the importance of the problem to nursing and health care
  • Indicates the importance of the problem to the health of individuals, families, and communities
43
Q

Background for a Research Problem?

A
  • Briefly identifies what we know about the problem area

- One or two key studies that have been conducted related to problem

44
Q

Sources of Research Problems

A 
	Nursing practice
		Researcher and peer interaction
		Literature review
		Theory
		Research priorities
45
Q

Problem Statement

A
  • Identifies the specific gap in knowledge needed for practice
  • Not all studies include a clearly expressed problem
  • Usually can be identified in the first page of the paper
46
Q

Purpose of Study (Quantitative)

A
  • Identify, describe, or to explain a situation
  • To determine differences between groups…
  • To examine relationships among…
  • To determine the effect of…
47
Q

Purpose of Study (Qualitative)

A
  • Identifies areas of concern
  • Gains new insights
  • Is focus of study
  • Identifies qualitative approach and assumptions
  • Differs among each qualitative methodology because of philosophical orientations
48
Q

A Research Purpose is:

A
  • Clear, concise statement
  • Provides Goal, aim, focus, or objective of study
  • Includes variables, population, and often the setting
  • Can capture the essence of a study in a single sentence
  • Essential for directing the remaining steps of the research process
49
Q

Research Example

Problem and Purpose

A

Problem Significance: Survival rates for very low birth weight infants, defined as infants weighing <1500 g at birth, continue to rise (Kenner et al. 1997). In the 1990’s, an alarming rise in the number of premature infants presenting with plagiocephaly without synostosis (i.e., head flattening without fusion of normally separated bones, due part to head molding) has been reported by several craoniofacial centers (Argenta et al., 2004). This increasing incidence has been linked to the American Academy of Pediatrics’ recommendation regarding sleep positions (supine and side lying) to prevent sudden infant death syndrome and to the increase in the survival of VLBW infants….(Schultz et al, 2008)

50
Q

Problem Background:

A

Although this outcome (head molding) has been minimized with some success by repositioning, in very tiny infants with delayed motor development, the head may retain the abnormal shape for a much longer period, even into adulthood…(Shin & Pershing, 2003)…Studies have been conducted to examine the effectiveness of various surfaces, pillows, and turning protocols designed to reduce bilateral head molding in preterm infants…(Schultz et al., 2008)

51
Q

Problem Statement:

A

Early studies suggest that water pillows and air-filled mattresses are effective for preventing undesirable bilateral head molding in preterm infants; however, no studies measuring the effectiveness of gel pillows, a newer product on the market, for reducing bilateral head molding have been found. (Schultz et al., 2008)

52
Q

Research Purpose:

A

The study purpose was to examine the effectiveness of gel pillows for reducing bilateral head molding (plagiocephaly) in preterm infants, as determined by the cephalic index (CI). (Schultz et al., 2008)

53
Q

Problems and Purposes in Outcomes Research

A

 Should refine or generate relevant
knowledge for nursing practice

	Usually evidence based
	Measurable by nature
54
Q

Significance of Study Problem 
and Purpose

A 
	Should influence nursing practice
		Should build on previous research
		Promotes theory testing or 
                development
		Addresses nursing research priorities
		
				examples p. 155-156
55
Q

Examining Study Feasibility
of a Problem and Purpose

A 
	Researchers’ expertise
		Time commitment
		Money commitment
		Availability of subjects, facility, and 
                equipment
		Ethical considerations
56
Q

Critiquing Guidelines for Problems and Purposes

A 
	Is problem clear and concise?
		Is problem limited in scope?
		Is problem narrow to focus study?
		Does problem identify variables, 
                population, and setting?
		Are problem and purpose able to 
                generate knowledge?
		Is study feasible?
		Is study ethical?
57
Q

Research Objectives

A

Declarative statements that focus on identification and description of variables or concepts and sometimes on determination of relationships of variables

58
Q

Research Questions:

A

Interrogative statements that focus on which variables or concepts are to be described and the relationships that might exist among them

59
Q

Types of Hypotheses:

Associative:

A

relationship between variables

60
Q

Types of Hypotheses

Causal:

A

cause-and-effect relationship between variables

61
Q

Group differences

A

Naturally occurring

Researcher controlled

62
Q

Nondirectional vs. Directional Hypotheses

A

 Nondirectional hypotheses: Relationship
exists between variables, but
hypothesis does not predict nature of
relationship

	Directional hypothesis: Nature 
            (positive or negative) of interaction 
            between two or more variables is stated

	These are developed from theoretical 
            framework, literature, or clinical 
            practice.
63
Q

Null vs. Research Hypotheses

A

 Null hypothesis: States there is no difference or relationship between variables; also called statistical hypothesis

	Research hypothesis: States what researcher thinks is true; there is a relationship between two or more variables
64
Q

Testable Hypothesis

A

 This hypothesis is clearly stated without the phrase “There is no significant difference.”
 This should be testable in real world.
 Variables are measurable or able to be manipulated.
 Relationship between variables is either supported or not supported.
 Causal link between independent and dependent variables is evaluated using statistical tests.

65
Q

A critical appraisal should be a/an:

a. analysis of a study’s internal validity problems.
b. balanced appraisal of a study’s strengths and weaknesses.
c. criticism of the researcher’s faulty decisions.
d. inventory of problems in the study.

A

b.balanced appraisal of a study’s strengths and weaknesses.

66
Q

A nurse reviewing a research article on anxiety in new mothers notes that the researcher used the tool “worry assessment scale” to measure level of anxiety during the first 3 months of motherhood. The nurse questions the validity of this tool for measuring anxiety. Which phase of the critique process is she using?

a. Analysis
b. Comparison
c. Comprehension
d. Evaluation

A

a.Analysis

67
Q

Examining a quantitative study to determine the extent to which the researcher followed the “rules” for an ideal study is part of which of the following steps in the critique process?

a. Analysis
b. Comparison
c. Comprehension
d. Conceptual clustering

A

b.Comparison

68
Q

Why is the critical appraisal of nursing research essential?

a. Determining the pros and cons of a study will help nurses learn research.
b. It indicates training in research within the profession.
c. Journal editors need to hear from readers what kind of research they like.
d. There is a strong movement toward evidence-based practice.

A

d.There is a strong movement toward evidence-based practice.

69
Q

What major skill is required to competently evaluate research?

a. A high level of clinical expertise
b. A thorough knowledge of the topic
c. The ability to think critically
d. The ability to write concisely

A

d.The ability to write concisely

70
Q

What is the very first step in critically appraising an article?

a. Consider the researcher’s goals
b. Determine the study problem
c. Find each section of the report
d. Thoroughly read the entire article

A

d.Thoroughly read the entire article

71
Q

Which of the following statements would be an acceptable response to the question, “What is the study problem?”

a. “It was very unclear what the researcher was trying to accomplish. I found it lengthy and difficult to read. The vocabulary was way over my head and I got lost trying to figure things out.”
b. “The researcher did not do a very good job of presenting the study problem.”
c. “The researcher states the study problem completely and concisely. It is clear to the reader what was trying to be accomplished with the research.”
d. “No problem was presented.”

A

c.“The researcher states the study problem completely and concisely. It is clear to the reader what was trying to be accomplished with the research.”

72
Q

What is the basic purpose of the comprehension phase of critiquing a research study?

a. Answer as many of the critique questions as possible
b. Gain a basic understanding of the research
c. Identify the independent and dependent variables
d. Look up any words or concepts that are not clear

A

b.Gain a basic understanding of the research

73
Q

Which two phases of a research critique are most likely to be done simultaneously?

a. Analysis and evaluation
b. Comparison and analysis
c. Comprehension and comparison
d. Each step is unique and is conducted separately.

A

b.Comparison and analysis

74
Q

In which phase of the critical appraisal is the study compared and contrasted with the ideal, requiring that the reviewer understand each step of the research process?

a. Analysis
b. Comparison
c. Comprehension
d. Evaluation

A

b.Comparison

75
Q

If a reviewer is asking “To what populations can the findings be generalized?”, which phase of the research critique is represented?

a. Analysis
b. Comparison
c. Comprehension
d. Evaluation

A

d.Evaluation

76
Q

If a reviewer is asking “Is the problem significant and relevant to nursing?”, what part of the study is being critiqued?

a. Literature review
b. Research objectives, questions, or hypotheses
c. Research problem and purpose
d. Study framework

A

b.Research objectives, questions, or hypotheses

77
Q

If a reviewer is asking “Are they sufficiently sensitive to detect differences between subjects?”, what part of the study is being critiqued?

a. Measurements
b. Research objectives, questions, or hypotheses
c. Study framework
d. Variables

A

a.Measurements

78
Q

A researcher explores the following question: Are there differences in energy expenditure between toileting in bed or out of bed in healthy adults and hospitalized patients? Which of the following is the independent variable?

a. Adult health status
b. Energy expenditure
c. Toileting in bed
d. Toileting out of bed

A

a.Adult health status

79
Q

The following hypothesis was investigated in a study for review: children who have a parent who is dieting are more likely to put themselves on diets at a young age. Which of the following is the independent variable?

a. Children
b. Dieting behavior of child
c. Dieting behavior of parent(s)
d. Young age

A

c.Dieting behavior of parent(s)

80
Q

The following hypothesis was investigated in a study for review: Children who have a parent who is dieting are more likely to put themselves on diets at a young age. Which of the following is the dependent variable?

a. Children
b. Dieting behavior of parent(s)
c. Dieting behavior of child
d. Young age

A

c.Dieting behavior of child

81
Q

The following hypothesis was investigated in a study you are reviewing: Children who have a parent who is dieting are more likely to put themselves on diets at a young age. As you critique this study, what kind of hypothesis will you report?

a. Associative, complex
b. Causal, nondirectional
c. Complex, directional
d. Simple, directional

A

d.Simple, directional

82
Q

The following hypothesis was investigated in a study: daily “doses of humor” will cause arthritis sufferers to use less pain medication and exercise longer. Which of the following is the independent variable?

a. Amount of pain medication
b. Arthritis sufferers
c. Doses of humor
d. Length of exercise

A

c.Doses of humor

83
Q

The following hypothesis was investigated in a study: Daily “doses of humor” will cause arthritis sufferers to use less pain medication and exercise longer. Which of the following listed is the dependent variable?

a. Arthritis sufferers
b. Frequency of humor
c. Humor
d. Length of exercise

A

d.Length of exercise

84
Q

In looking at the sampling plan of a study, the reviewer knows that the sample size needed for a study increases when the:

a. alpha level is increased from 0.01 to 0.05.
b. number of variables in the study increases.
c. one-tailed versus two-tailed statistical test is used.
d. sensitivity of the instruments used is high.

A

b.number of variables in the study increases.

85
Q

Which of the following is an important skill when critiquing qualitative research?

a. An ability to determine appropriate statistical tests for this type of research
b. Being able to identify the potential weaknesses of qualitative research
c. Distinguishing quantitative from qualitative research
d. Finding the hypothesis since they are often hidden in a qualitative study

A

b. Being able to identify the potential weaknesses of qualitative research

86
Q

When critiquing sample size in a study, which of the following study type would require the largest sample size?

a. Correlational
b. Experimental
c. Grounded theory
d. Phenomenological

A

a.Correlational

87
Q

Which of the following standards are not typically applied to qualitative research studies?

a. Descriptive vividness
b. Methodological congruence
c. Philosophical or theoretical connectedness
d. Statistical appropriateness for data analysis

A

d. Statistical appropriateness for data analysis

88
Q

Which of the following would represent a failure to adhere to ethical standards in a qualitative study?

a. Conducting the study after first obtaining permission from the IRB
b. Continuing to question a subject about a traumatic incident after the subject begins to openly sob and asks to be excused
c. Mentioning that subjects had the right to refuse to participate in the study
d. Not including all the specific details of a study in the informed consent document

A

b. Continuing to question a subject about a traumatic incident after the subject begins to openly sob and asks to be excused

89
Q

Which of the following is true about critiquing the literature review?

a. All studies connected with the topic should be presented.
b. The literature review for a qualitative study is going to be much lengthier than for a quantitative one.
c. The literature should be summarized and presented in chronological order.
d. The researcher should gather all relevant literature and present it as it applies to the current study, noting agreements, disagreements, and gaps in the knowledge base.

A

d. The researcher should gather all relevant literature and present it as it applies to the current study, noting agreements, disagreements, and gaps in the knowledge base.

90
Q

Heprin saline=

A

CCNN

91
Q

Poor health

A

ADRS

92
Q

Nurses perceived

A

ACNR

93
Q

Age family support

A

ACNR

94
Q

Relax pain

A

CCDR

Nursing Research (2 decks)

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