Radiology - Posterior Mediastinum/Heart

Question 1

what is the lymphatic duct?

Answer 1

part of immune system, carry lympatic fluid from abdomen up back into the cardiovascular system

Question 2

what is the most inferior part of the lymphatic duct?

Answer 2

cisterna chyli

Question 3

where does the thoracic duct empty?

Answer 3

empties into junction of left internal jugular and left subclavian veins

Question 4

where does the right lymphatic duct empty?

Answer 4

at the junction of right internal jugular and right subclavian veins

Question 5

what would be the likely cause of a swollen and visible lump around Virchows node?

Answer 5

tumour of the stomach

Question 6

what is chylophorax?

Answer 6

lymphatic fluid in the pleural space?

Question 7

when would a chylophorax happen?

Answer 7

generally after trauma or surgery
looks like yellowy fatty fluid

Question 8

what effect does the sympathetic NS have on the heart?

Answer 8

faster HR
faster conduction velocity
harder contractility
faster relaxation of ventricles

Question 9

what else can the SA node firing rate be altered by?

Answer 9

circulating hormones
-hyperthyroidim
-hypothyroidism
serum ion conc (K)
-hyperkalemia
-hypokalemia
cellular hypoxia
-usually from ischemia
drugs

Question 10

how can we surgically fix hyperhidrosis?

Answer 10

can burn the ganglion of the sympathetic chain at a certain location

Question 11

which ganglionic chain goes along the posterior mediastinum?

Answer 11

sympathetic

Question 12

what is the technical name for fainting?

Answer 12

vasovagal reaction/ syncope

Question 13

what happens during a vasovagal. reaction?

Answer 13

standing still
blood pools in legs
less blood properly circulating
less blood for heart to pump
less blood for perfusion to brain

Question 14

what is carotid sinus syndrome?

Answer 14

people have an overactive problem with carotid vagus nerve
without much of an obvious trigger the vagus nerve is being stimulated causing them to pass out
dangerous thing to have
as vagus nerve relaxes the heart

Question 15

what are some specialised features to fetal circulation?

Answer 15

ductus arteriosus
foreman ovale
ductus venous

Question 16

what is a barium swallow?

Answer 16

using X rays to show you what happens when you are swallowing and eating
barium is swallowed and shows up as white/black

Question 17

What is the longest nerve?

Answer 17

Vagus

Question 18

What does the vagus nerve branch into

Answer 18

Recurrent laryngeal nerve

Question 19

What is the pathway off the right recurrent laryngeal nerve?

Answer 19

Comes down on the right and hooks back up the way and inserts into the larynx

Question 20

What is the pathway of the left reccurent laryngeal nerve?

Answer 20

Comes down hooks around the aortic arch

Question 21

What is a vocal cord palsy?

Answer 21

Vocal cords don’t close properly

Question 22

What happens to the vocal cords when someone is speaking/singing?

Answer 22

Vocal cords extremely close together

Question 23

What happens with vocal cords during respiration?

Answer 23

Vocal cords open away from eachother

Question 24

Where does the thoracic duct empty into?

Answer 24

Junction of left internal jugular and left subclavian veins

Question 25

Where does the right lymphatic duct empty into?

Answer 25

Junction of right internal jugular and right subclavian vein

Question 26

What are the symptoms of honers syndrome/Pancoast Tumor?

Answer 26

Drooping upper eyelid (ptosis)
Constricted pupil (miosis)
Dry skin