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Oral Path Final > Radiology Final > Flashcards

Radiology Final Flashcards

1
Q

A measure of ionization produced IN THE AIR by xrays

A

exposure

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2
Q

Air Kerma (Gy) measures –

A

exposure

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3
Q

What does Air Kerma stand for?

A

Kinetic Energy Released in Matter

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4
Q

what is the measure of kinetic energy transferred from photons to electrons in air?

A

Air Kerma

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5
Q

Air Kerma is expressed in –

A

Gray (Gy)

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6
Q

The energy transferred from ionizing radiation per unit mass of irradiated material

A

absorbed dose

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7
Q

What is the unit of absorbed dose?

A

Rad/ Gy

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8
Q

The absorbed dose varies with the type of – and type of –

A

energy

absorbing material

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9
Q

What is used to compare the biologic effects of different types of radiation on a tissue or organ?

A

equivalent dose

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10
Q

The equivalent dose depends on —

A

LET

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11
Q

– LTE radiation causes more harm than – LTE radiation

A

high

low

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12
Q

What is the unit of equivalent dose?

A

Sv

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13
Q

What is used to estimate the risk of radiation in humans?

A

effective dose

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14
Q

Not all tissues response – to radiation

A

identically

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15
Q

Tissues are assigned a –

A

weighting factor

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16
Q

What is the sum of the products of the equivalent dose of a tissue and weighing factors to each of the tissues irradiated?

A

effective dose

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17
Q

What is the unit of effective dose?

A

Sv

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18
Q

A measurement of decay rate of a sample

A

radioactivity

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19
Q

Which personnel monitoring device: When heated, excited electrons release visible light and the intensity of the light provides the dose received by operator.

A

TLD- thermoluminescence dosimeter

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20
Q

Which personal monitoring device: Stimulated by LED and the intensity of light provides dose received by operator and can be reused for cumulative dose determination.

A

OSL- optically stimulated luinescence

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21
Q

X-radiation energy is transferred into —

A

tissues

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22
Q

When tissues are exposed it produces ionizations and excitations of essential cell molecules such as –

A

DNA, enzymes, ATP

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23
Q

When exposed to radiation the – of cell can be altered

A

function

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24
Q

Cells with damaged molecules cannot –

A

function normally

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25
Q

The severity of biological effects is related to —

A

the type of molecule absorbing the radiation

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26
Q

The effect of radiation on DNA molecules is – harmful than on cytoplasmic organelles

A

MORE

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27
Q

What are the 2 mechanisms of action of radiation damage on DNA?

A

direct

indirect

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28
Q

What mechanism of action causes damage or mutation at the site where the radiation energy was directed?

A

direct effects

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29
Q

What mechanism of action occurs when the radiation acts of water molecules to cause ionization?

A

indirect effects

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30
Q

indirect effect account of –% of damage

A

66%

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31
Q

In direct effects the biological molecules absorb energy from –

A

ionizing radiation

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32
Q

Direct effects generate –

A

unstable free radicals

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33
Q

Free radicals either – or –

A

break apart

crosslink

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34
Q

Altered biological molecules differ from original molecules – and –

A

structurally

functionally

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35
Q

what % of the body is water?

A

70

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36
Q

What occurs when radiation interacts with water?

A

radiolysis of water

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37
Q

What can form from the radiolysis of water?

A

hydroperoxyl or hydrogen peroxide

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38
Q

Hydroperoxyl and hydroperoxide are – and –

A

oxidizing agents

toxins

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39
Q

There are two types of radiation damage:

A

long and short term

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40
Q

two types of long-term radiation effects

A

stochastic and determinsistic

41
Q

Stochastic effects of radiation include – and – . They involve —

A

cancer
genetic mutation
CHANCE

42
Q

The probability of cancer and genetic mutation – with increasing dose, but the severity does not depend on the amount of the dose

A

increases

43
Q

Deterministic effects are a somatic effect that increase in – with increasing absorbed dose

A

severity

44
Q

What are examples of deterministic effects?

A

cataract, skin erythema, fibrosis and abnormal growth

45
Q

Analogy of stochastic effects is the –

A

powerball (buy more tickets chance of winning is better but you still only get the same amount of money as the person who bough one ticket and won)

46
Q

Analogy of deterministic effects is the –

A

stove top (higher temp, worse the burn)

47
Q

What is the most important molecule

A

DNA

48
Q

DNA + other molecules =

A

chromosomes

49
Q

If radiation damage to the DNA is bad enough, — can be detected

A

chromosomes aberration

50
Q

The effect of radiation on individual genes is referred to as a –

A

point mutation

51
Q

Point mutations can be a – or – in a genes or set of genes

A

loss

mutation

52
Q

Mutations result in cells exhibiting an –

A

abnormal behavior

53
Q

Chromosomes can be –

A

altered

54
Q

The damage to chromosomes depends on the –

A

stage in cell cycle

55
Q

If damage to the chromosome occurs AFTER synthesis, – arm is broken

A

ONE

56
Q

If damage to the chromosome occurs BEFORE synthesis – arm is broken

A

BOTH

57
Q

If a chromosome breaks it can be repaired in an error-free fashion through – using the intact second strand as a template

A

restitution

58
Q

If a chromosome breaks and separation between the fragments is too big it will be –

A

deleted

59
Q

If a chromosome has many breaks they may be joined in different three different combos:

A

illegitimate union
ring formation and acentric fragment
translocation

60
Q

what two things can form when 2 different chromosomes each break?

A

illegitimate union of each or translocation

61
Q

what forms when one chromosome has a break in each arm?

A

ring and acentric fragment

62
Q

Ionizing radiation affects cell division resulting in – and retardation of growth

A

arrested mitosis

63
Q

Arrested mitosis is the basis of –

A

radiotherapy of neoplasms

64
Q

Cells are most sensitive to radiation during the last part of the – phase and the first part of

A

resting

prophase

65
Q

As cells can repair themselves, a higher total dose of radiation is needed to kill cells when radiation is delivered in a – manner rather than in a –

A

fractional

single large dose

66
Q

A – dose is given for radiation therapy

A

fractionated

67
Q

Radiation is a two-edged sword: – cancer and – cancer

A

causes and kills

68
Q

Rapidly dividing cells are – sensitive to radiation than slow, differentiated cells

A

MORE

69
Q

what cells are radiosensitive?

A

stem

70
Q

what cells are radioresistant?

A

mature

71
Q

Younger tissues and organs are radio—

A

sensitive

72
Q

Tissues with a high metabolic rate are radio–

A

sensitive

73
Q

A high proliferation rate for cells and a high growth rate for tissues result in increased radio–

A

sensitivity

74
Q

Almost all eyes, except lymphocytes follow –

A

Bergonie and tribondeu axiom

75
Q

what does Bergonie and tribondeu axiom state?

A

cells are sensitive to radiation in proportion to their proliferative activity and inverse proportion to their degree of differentiation

76
Q

What is on of the most radiosensitive cells in the body

A

lymphocyte

77
Q

What are examples of slow dividing cells?

A

optic lens, muscle cells, neurons

78
Q

what are examples of intermediate dividing cells?

A 
growing bone
growing cartilage
lungs
kidney
sal glands
79
Q

what are examples of fast dividing cells?

A

bone marrow, lymphoid organs, testes, mucous membrane

80
Q

For non proliferating cells death is defined as –

A

loss of function

81
Q

for proliferating cells death is defined as –

A

inability to proliferate

82
Q

cytoplasmic changes play a – role in arrested mitosis

A

minor

83
Q

Two types of biological effects may appear in tissues after exposure :

A

somatic and genetic effects

84
Q

what effects include responses of all irradiated body cells except germ cells of the reproductive systme

A

somatic

85
Q

Somatic effects are – to the person irradiation

A

deleterious

86
Q

Somatic effects can be – or –

A

stochastic or deterministic

87
Q

What effects include responses of irradiated reproductive cells?

A

genetic

88
Q

Genetic effects only affect –

A

offspring of exposed person

89
Q

Somatic effects can be – or –

A

acute or delayed

90
Q

Acute somatic effects are –

A

seen right away- nuc bomb

91
Q

delayed somatic effects are –

A

chronic and more common in diagnostic doses

92
Q

Acute somatic effects appear after – or –

A

one large dose or many small doses in a short period of time

93
Q

What is the day cut off for something to be considered an acute somatic effect?

A

60 days

94
Q

What is the timeline for something to be considered a delayed somatic effect?

A

2 mo to 20 years

95
Q

The magnitude of somatic effects depend on 6 things

A 
age of person
species
cells and tissue
extent of exposure (full body?)
total dose
dose rate
96
Q

Individual variability explains why some people are more – or – to radiation than others

A

sensitive

resistant

97
Q

What does LD50 mean?

A

the total body dose that will kill 50% of exposed within 30 days

98
Q

Species variability explains why –

A

some species are more sensitive or resistant than others

99
Q

What is the LD50 for mammals?

A

2-8 Gy (full body dose)

Oral Path Final (2 decks)

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