Radiology Exam 3 Flashcards
Quality assurance
planning, implementation and evaluation of procedures to produce high quality radiographs with maximum diagnostic information while minimizing the radiation exposure
Quality control
A series of test to assure that the radiographic system is functioning properly and that the radiographs produced are of an acceptable level of quality
Quality Control Objectives:
- Maintain high standard of image quality
- ID problems BEFORE image quality is compromised
- Keep the patient and occupational radiation exposure to a minimum
- Reduce the # of retakes
X-ray Machine Monitoring:
Testing Includes: Radiation output Time accuracy mA and kV settings Focal spot size Filtration Collimation Beam alignment Tube head stabilitty
Most important thing for automatic processors:
Maintenance and keeping the rollers clean and fluids checked
Clearing Time Test:
If the film does not clear in 4 minutes or less, the fixer needs replacement
What is a stepwedge?
- Device with layered metal steps of varying thickness to determine film density and contrast
- Used to test the strength of the chemicals
Where is the stepwedge placed?
On a #2 film and exposed; this is compared to a reference film
Monitors safelight and darkroom conditions:
Place a coin on an unwrapped film (not exposed) under the safelight leaving for 2-3 minutes. Process, if coin is visible on the film then safelight fails
Digital:
Inspect equipment on a regular basis for signs of wear or deterioration
Quality Administration Procedures:
- Documentation is required to prove it was done
- Should include an assessment of current practices
- Should also include WHO is responsible for the testing and record-keeping
Quality Administration:
- Description of the plan
- Assignment of duties
- Monitoring schedule
- Maintenance schedule
- Record-keeping log
- Plan for evaluation and revision
- In-service training
Common Restorative Materials:
Amalgam Composite Pins Porcelain Stainless Steel Crowns Bases Silver Points Sargenti paste Gutta Percha Post & Core build ups Implants Orthodontics, etc...
Anodontia
Missing teeth
Supernumerary
(Extra) teeth with no space for eruption
Dens in Dente
Tooth within a tooth
Hypercementosis
Excessive cementum
Dilaceration
Sharp bend in the root (usually in premolars)
Taurodontia
A tooth normally a mandibular molar with a very large pulp chamber and very short roots
Gemination
(Twinning) is a single tooth but divides into two teeth
Fusion
Two teeth joined or connected almost always at the crown
Concresence
When the cementum of 2 adjacent teeth is joined or fused; appears as overlapping roots
What is dentinogenesis imperfecta?
The malformation of dentin
What is amelogenesis imperfecta?
The malformation of enamel
Periapical abscess is caused by bacteria that has reached the pulp and caused irreversible pulp damage
Apical disease
Granuloma
Granulation tissue that is continuous with the PDL and attached to the root apex
What is a cyst?
A fluid filled or semi-solid area that appears RL on a radiograph; most often in supernumery teeth
What is a odontogenic cyst?
Any cyst formed because of a tooth may be periapical, residual, dentigerous
What is a nonodontogenic cyst?
Any cyst not arising from a tooth
Formed by an abnormal proliferation of odontogenic cells (cells that form teeth)
Odontogenic tumors
Large RL area of enamel origin with mono or multilocular (many compartments) that gives a soap bubble appearance
Ameloblastoma
Most common and is a small misshapened mass of teeth
Odontoma
Cementoma
A cementifying fibroma usually on mandibular anteriors in women and require no treatment
What is tooth resorption?
Primary teeth undergo in response to erupting permanent teeth
Retained roots are very common on radiographs caused by:
- Primary tooth root tips
- Crown has decayed completely away
- Dentist left in extraction
What are sialoliths?
Salivary stones that are deposits of calcium salts in salivary glands or ducts
What are rhinoliths?
Stones in the maxillary sinus
What are phleboliths?
Calcified thrombi in soft tissues usually the cheek
Condensing Osteitis is:
The sclerosis or hardening bone as a result of infection
What is osteosclerosis?
Abnormally dense bone not a result of infection
What is a cortical bone?
The dense outer layer of bone; appears radiopaque on a radiograph
Cancellous Bone
Soft spongy bone located between two layers of dense cortical bone
Five terms can be used to describe the ‘bony prominences’ seen in maxillary and mandibular periapical images:
Process Ridge Spine Tubercle Tuberosity
Process ( bony prominence)
A marked prominence or projection of bone
Example: the coronoid process of the mandible
Ridge (bony prominence)
A linear prominence or projection of bone
Example: the external oblique ridge of the mandible
Spine (bony prominence)
A sharp, thorn-like projection of bone
Example: the anterior nasal spine of the maxilla
Tubercle (bony prominence)
A small bump or nodule of bone
Example: the mental tubercles of the mandible
Tuberosity (bony prominence)
A rounded prominence of bone
Example: the maxillary tuberosity
Four terms can be used to describe the ‘spaces’ and ‘depressions’ in bone viewed in maxillary and mandibular periapical images:
Canal
Foramen
Fossa
Sinus
What is a canal?
A tubelike passageway through bone that contains nerves and blood vessels
Example: mandibular canal
What is a foramen?
An opening or hole in bone that permits the passage of nerves and blood vessels
Example: mental foramen
Fossa
Broad, shallow, scooped-out or depressed area of bone
Example: submandibular fossa of the mandible
What is a sinus?
Hollow space, cavity, or recess in bone
Example: maxillary sinus
- Bony wall that divides two spaces or cavities
- Appears radiopaque
Septum
- Immovable joint that represents a line of union between adjoining bones of the skull
- Appears as a thin radiolucent line
Suture
Body Landmarks of the Maxilla
Maxilla forms the floor of the orbit of the eyes, sides and floor of the nasal cavities, and hard palate
Incisive Foramen
An opening or hole in the bone that is located at the midline of the anterior portion of the hard palate directly posterior to the maxillary central incisors
Appears as a small ovoid or round radiolucent area located between the roots of the maxillary central incisors
Incisive Foramen
Appears as a thin radiolucent line between the maxillary central incisors
Median Palatal Suture
What does the nasal cavity look like?
- Pear shaped compartment of bone
- Located superior to the maxilla
- Divided by a bony wall called the nasal septum
- Appears as a large radiolucent area above the maxillary incisors
- Very bony wall wall that divides the nasal cavity into the right and left nasal fossae
- Vertical radiopaque wall
Nasal Septum
A sharp projection of the maxilla located at the anterior and inferior portion of the nasal cavity
-Appears as v-shaped radiopaque area located at the intersection ofthe floor of the nasal cavity and the nasal septum
Anterior Nasal Spine
Inferior Nasal Conache
Wafer-thin, curved plates of bone that extend from the lateral walls of the nasal cavity; radiopaque mass or projection within the nasal cavity
- AKA the canine fossa
- Is a smooth, depressed area of the maxilla
- Located just inferior and medial to the infraorbital foramen between the maxillary canine and lateral incisiors
Lateral Fossa
- Intersection of the maxillary sinus and the nasal cavity
- Up-side down
- Located about the maxillary canine
Inverted Y
- Located above the maxillary sinus
- Occupies a large portion of the maxilla
- Above maxillary premolars and molars
- Size of a pea at birth
Maxillary Sinus
Rounded prominence of bone that extends posterior to the third molar region
Maxillary Tuberosity
Zygomatic Process of the Maxilla:
- Bony projection of the maxilla that articulates with the zygoma or cheek bone
- Appears as a J or U shaped
- Located superior to the maxillary first molar
Hamulus
Appears as a radiopaque hook-like projecton posterior to the maxillary tuberosity area
What is zygoma?
Cheek bone
Appears as a diffuse, radiopaque band extending posteriorly from the zygomatic process of the maxilla
Mandible can be divided into three main parts:
Ramus
Body
Alveolar Process
Ramus
Vertical portion of the mandible that is found posterior to the third molar
Body
Body of the mandible is the horizontal U-shaped portion that extends from ramus to ramus
Alveolar Process
The portion of the mandible that encases and supports the teeth
Tiny bumps of bone
Appear as a ring-shaped radiopacity below the apices of the mandibular incisors
Genial Tubercles
Tiny opening or hole in bone located on the internal surface of the mandible
Lingual Foramen
Nutrient Canals
Tube like passage ways through bone that contain nerves and blood vessels that supply the teeth
Vertical lines
A linear prominence of cortical bone located on the external surface of the anterior portion of the mandible
-Extends from the premolar region to the midline and slopes slightly upward
Mental Ridge
Mental Fossa
Located above the mental ridge in the mandibular incisor region
Radiolucent area above the mental ridge
Opening or hole in the bone located on the external surface of the mandible in the region of the mandibular premolars
-Apical Location
Mental Foramen
Mandibular periapical radiograph appears as a radiopaque band that extends downward and forward from the ramus
Internal Oblique Ridge
Mandibular periapical radiograpgh appears as a radiopaque band extending downward and forward from the anterior border of the ramus of the mandible
External Oblique Ridge
Submandibular Fossa
Scooped out, depressed area of bone located on the internal surface of the mandible inferior to the mylohoid ridge
-Radiolucent in the molar area
Marked prominence of bone on the anterior ramus of the mandible
-Appears as a triangular radiopacity superimposed over the maxillary tuberosity region
Coronoid Process
Enamel
Outermost radiopaque layer of the crown of a tooth
Dentin
Not as radiopaque as enamel
Surrounds the pulp cavity
Junction between the dentin and the enamel of a tooth
Dentinoenamel Junction
Bone that supports and encases the roots of teeth
Alveolar Process
Anatomic landmarks of the Alveolar Process include the:
Lamina Dura
Alveolar Crest
PDL space
The wall of the tooth socket that surrounds the root of the tooth and is made up of cortical bone
Lamina Dura
Appears radiopaque and is typically 1.5 to 2.0 mm below the junction of the crown and the root surfaces
Alveolar Crest
Contains connective tisse fibers, blood vessels, and lymphatics
Appears as a thin radiolucent line around the root of a tooth
PDL space
