Radiology and Basic MSK Anatomy Application

Question 1

What is the imaging modality based on selective absorption of the x-ray beam?

Answer 1

Radiography

Question 2

How do radiopaque structures appear in radiography?

Answer 2

White

Question 3

How do radiolucent structures appear in radiography?

Answer 3

Black

Question 4

How are other structures represented in radiography?

Answer 4

Different shades of gray based on their ability to absorb radiation

Question 5

What is the purpose of the radiographic gray scale?

Answer 5

To represent different structures with varying shades of gray based on their radiation absorption

Question 6

In radiography what structures appear white?

Answer 6

Radiopaque (radiodense) structures

Question 7

What type of imaging can show different slices of the body?

Answer 7

Tomography or Body Section Radiography

Question 8

How does tomography work?

Answer 8

X-ray source and film move in opposite directions, blurring or eliminating detail in other planes

Question 9

From which direction is the transverse plane viewed?

Answer 9

From below, looking towards the head

Question 10

How is the sagittal plane viewed?

Answer 10

From the left side of the patient

Question 11

What does the frontal or coronal plane show?

Answer 11

The patient from the front view

Question 12

What is the process of MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)?

Answer 12

Patient is placed in a magnetic field, radiowaves interact with hydrogen atoms, and a computer reconstructs an image

Question 13

What is the basis of ultrasound imaging?

Answer 13

Directing high frequency sound waves into the patient and recording their absorption or reflection

Question 14

How are solid structures represented in ultrasound?

Answer 14

White (echogenic or hyperechoic)

Question 15

How are cystic structures represented in ultrasound?

Answer 15

Black (echolucent, hypoechoic, or anechoic)

Question 16

What does Doppler/Duplex ultrasound detect?

Answer 16

Flow of blood

Question 17

What is the basis of nuclear medicine imaging?

Answer 17

Accumulation or uptake of radioactive substance by body tissues

Question 18

How are increased uptake areas represented in nuclear medicine?

Answer 18

Appear as black spots (hot spots)

Question 19

How are decreased uptake areas represented in nuclear medicine?

Answer 19

Appear as white spots (cold spots)

Question 20

What is scoliosis?

Answer 20

Abnormal curvature of the spine

Question 21

How is adolescent idiopathic scoliosis visualized?

Answer 21

In the frontal plane

Question 22

What are common clinical presentations of scoliosis?

Answer 22

Uneven shoulders/waist and back pain

Question 23

How is spondylolysis different from spondylolisthesis?

Answer 23

Spondylolysis is a stress fracture at the pars interarticularis, while spondylolisthesis involves shifting of vertebrae

Question 24

What is ankylosing spondylitis?

Answer 24

Inflammation of the spine and ligaments with a strong genetic link

Question 25

What is a common clinical presentation of ankylosing spondylitis?

Answer 25

Back pain and stiffness, with limited ability to bend the spine

Question 26

What happens in disc herniation?

Answer 26

Fragment of nucleus pulposus herniates and may cause pain or irritation

Question 27

What is the diagnostic method for disc herniation?

Answer 27

Imaging or clinical exam, including the straight leg raise test

Question 28

What does the straight leg raise test assess?

Answer 28

Stress on a particular ipsilateral nerve root

Question 29

What are the components of the dorsal column pathway?

Answer 29

Ipsilateral position and vibration sensation

Question 30

What does the spinothalamic pathway convey?

Answer 30

Contralateral pain and temperature sensation

Question 31

What is the function of the corticospinal pathway?

Answer 31

Movement, mostly ipsilateral

Question 32

What are the features of central cord syndrome?

Answer 32

Greater quadriparesis in upper extremities, greater loss of pain and temperature in upper extremities

Question 33

What happens in an anterior cord syndrome?

Answer 33

Paralysis below the lesion, loss of pain and temperature, preserved proprioception and vibratory function

Question 34

What is the impact of posterior cord injury?

Answer 34

Loss of ipsilateral position and vibration sensation

Question 35

Describe Brown-Séquard syndrome.

Answer 35

Ipsilateral weakness, loss of proprioception and vibratory sensation; contralateral loss of pain and temperature sensation

Question 36

What are the characteristics of cauda equina syndrome?

Answer 36

Motor and sensory loss in legs, sciatica, bowel/bladder dysfunction, saddle anesthesia

Question 37

What is the most common cause of neural tube defect?

Answer 37

Lack of folic acid leading to spina bifida

Question 38

What are the types of spina bifida?

Answer 38

Occulta, meningocele, myelomeningocele

Question 39

How is TMJ disorder diagnosed?

Answer 39

Clinical examination

Question 40

What is the treatment for TMJ disorders?

Answer 40

Supportive care or relocation for dislocation

Question 41

What type of trauma leads to clavicle fracture?

Answer 41

Trauma to the upper girdle

Question 42

What does DEXA scan stand for?

Answer 42

Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry

Question 43

What is DEXA scan used for?

Answer 43

Assessing bone density, diagnosing osteopenia and osteoporosis

Question 44

What are the risk factors for osteoporosis?

Answer 44

Age >50, female gender, parathyroid disease, ETOH/tobacco use

Question 45

What are the clinical presentations of osteoporosis?

Answer 45

Loss of height, back pain, pathologic fracture

Question 46

What is the primary focus of osteoporosis treatment?

Answer 46

Addressing the underlying cause