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Dental Radiology > Radiology > Flashcards

Radiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is a radiograph?

A

photographic record seen on film, produced by passing x-rays through an object or a body.

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2
Q

How should radiation be handled?

A

carefully

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2
Q

What source of energy does a x-ray machine need to produce x-rays?

A

A x-ray machine needs electricity to produce an x-ray.

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4
Q

What produces x-rays?

A

photographic image on dental film, processed for visibility

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5
Q

An x-ray can only be produced if:

A

plugged into electrical outlet,
the unit is turned on,
and exposure button is pressed.

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5
Q

How are x-rays harmful to the body?

A

May affect body tissues and cells that carry hereditary materials for future generations.

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6
Q

How do x-rays travel?

A

X-rays travel in a straight line,at a constant speed, and are invisible.

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8
Q

What can x-rays penetrate?

A

skin, teeth, and bone

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9
Q

What type of radiation is used in the practice of dentistry?

A

Ionizing radiation

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10
Q

Why do we use radiology in the dental practice?

A

provides information not obtained by a clinical exam alone.

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11
Q

How do radiographs in dentistry benefit the patient?

A

provides early diagnosis and treatment of dental disease

allows patients to maintain a functioning dentition for life

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11
Q

What do proper settings of the x-ray machine ensure?

A

correct density and contrast of film image.

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13
Q

What are the three variable factors of the x-ray machine settings?

A

Kilovoltage, milliamperage,and time

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14
Q

What determines the readability of a radiograph?

A

proper settings

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15
Q

Why should exposure times for kilovoltage and milliamperage be established and posted for each x-ray machine?

A

dental x-ray machines vary

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16
Q

What is kilovoltage (kVp)?

A

the ability x-rays have to penetrate

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17
Q

What does the kilovoltage setting affect?

A

quality of the radiographs produced

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17
Q

Who sets the kilovoltage setting and how?

A

dental assistant;

by turning the Kilovoltage knob on the control panel, until the needle on kilovoltage meter indicates desired setting.

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18
Q

Who determines the kilovoltage setting and why?

A

The dentist;

to desired image contrast required for diagnosis of the patient

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20
Q

What does the Milliamperage (mA) and time Setting determine?

A

number of x-rays delivered from x-ray machine available to strike the film

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21
Q

What must be set properly before the exposure button is depressed?

A

Three settings; kilovoltage, Milliamperage and time

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22
Q

What determines the darkness or lightness of the image produced?

A

milliamperage (mA) and time setting

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22
Q

What happens when the exposure button is released too soon?

A

insufficient amount of x-rays,

and film will be underexposed and too light.

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23
Q

How and how long should the exposure button be pressed?

A

Firmly until complete preset exposure has occurred

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25
Q

What does an x-ray beam consist of?

A

Many different energies and penetrating powers

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26
Q

What is a filter?

A

An aluminum disc placed within tube-head, removes x-rays unable to reach the film.

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27
Q

How does the filter protect the patient?

A

Prevents nonpenetrating x-rays from stopping at the face.

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28
Q

What is the collimator?

A

lead disk with round or rectangular hole in the center,manufactured into the end of the cone.

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29
Q

How does the collimator protect the patient?

A

Limits size of x-ray beam and

Reduces radiation to critical organs.

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30
Q

What does the collimator do?

A

Limits x-ray beam size to area requested by the doctor.

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31
Q

What is a cone and what is it recommended for?

A

A long lead-lined cone

recommended for modern dental radiography equipment.

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32
Q

Who exposes patients with radiation for diagnostic purposes?

A

dental assistant

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33
Q

Why are plastic cones no longer recommended?

A

scatter radiation produced by x-ray beams passed through the plastic cone before reaching the patient

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34
Q

How much radiation is capable of producing injury?

A

Any amount

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35
Q

What must be understood about radiation exposure?

A

potential hazards

36
Q

What is required to produce radiographs with the least radiation exposure possible?

A

insight into why all current radiation principals must be used
understanding potential hazards

37
Q

How many ions are in our bodies?

A

Trillions,usually unnoticed if a few are ionized

38
Q

How does tissue damage occur?

A

Step1: X-rays are absorbed by tissues —>
Step2: molecules in tissues are separated (ionized) into atoms and damage may result.

39
Q

What are the effects large doses of ionizing radiation?

A

Sickness, cancer, birth defects, or death

40
Q

What is the difference between the harmful effects from background radiation (occurring naturally) , and radiation that is man-made( x-rays)?

A

NONE

40
Q

How does chronic radiation affect the organs and tissues?

A

Accelerates the normal aging process of organs and tissues.

41
Q

What is chronic and repeated radiation exposure, And how does it affect the body?

A

occurs over a long period of time

may lead to minor percentage of unrepaired effects that accumulate in exposed tissue

43
Q

What amount of exposure can be difficult to measure?

A

Very small doses (dental x-rays)

44
Q

What is the result of repeated exposures?

A

increases likelihood of many long-term effects includes diseases

45
Q

Why is unnecessary radiation exposure avoided for all patients?

A

It’s unknown when an individual receives enough repeated exposures to make an accumulated dose harmful.

46
Q

Genetic effects of radiation:

A

Exposure to the reproductive cells causes alterations in genetic code possibly leading to mutation or (changes) in offspring

47
Q

How does radiation affect cells and which ones are affected?

A

Not all cells are susceptible to radiation. Can cause changes in cell function or cell death

48
Q

Which cells are sensitive to x-rays?

A

Immature cells, rapidly growing cells (developing embryo)reproductive cells, and blood forming tissue cells

49
Q

The embryo is the most sensitive of all human tissue during which months?

A

First 3 months of development.

49
Q

What should you know about the pregnant woman and radiographs?

A

Considered highly sensitive to radiation, all safety procedures should be strictly performed if it is deemed by the dentist that, risk of not having a radiograph outweigh those of having a radiograph

50
Q

Who should be screened for pregnancy and properly shield?

A

women of a childbearing ages

51
Q

Which two sites near the oral cavity are especially sensitive to radiation?

A

thyroid gland and lens of the eye

52
Q

What is the ALARA concept?

A

Keeping radiation “as low as reasonably achievable”

53
Q

Why are the thyroid gland and lens of the eye sensitive to radiation and what precautions are taken?

A

May be exposed to primary beam of x-rays.
thyroid shield on all patients
eye closure during exposure

54
Q

How is radiation kept “as low as reasonably achievable”or ALARA?

A

By following basic radiation protection guidelines, repeat radiographs can be avoided, prevents patient and operator unnecessary exposure

55
Q

Who are the MPD (Maximum Permissible Dose) recommendations for?

A

General population, occupational worker, and pregnant women

56
Q

What is the permitted age for a position requiring radiographs and why?

A

18 on the basis that growing and developing tissues are more susceptible to radiation injury

57
Q

Who established the MPD and why?

A

The National Committee on Radiation Protection (NCRP) recommend acceptable levels of exposure to ionizing radiation, not producing significant harmful biological effects.

59
Q

How can you tell if you’re receiving below the MPD (maximum permissible dose)?

A

personnel monitoring device or film badge

60
Q

What does the personnel monitoring device contain for exposure detection,and how are they used?

A

They contain radiographic film. Measure the amount of radiation received.

61
Q

Who is subject to x-ray exposure during radiographic examinations?

A

patient and machine operator

62
Q

How can radiographs exposures be chosen selectively?

A

Radiographs precribed by the dentist for specific diagnostic purposes reduces x-radiation doses

63
Q

Assurance of your clinical competency is required to:

A

practice on patients unless you’ve received training in exposure, processing skills and techniques from a dentist or structured course

64
Q

Why should you use correct radiographic techniques for the exposure of dental radiographs?

A

prevents unnecessary exposure

65
Q

Why use correct positioning of the patient and films?

A

Retakes = unnecessary exposure, caused by hasty positioning of patient or film. Ask dentist for assistance if unsure about positioning for a particular view

66
Q

Why use the paralleling technique, and XCP film holder?

A

long “cone” paralleling is recommended by the ADA BUTcircumstances or anatomy may dictate other techniques, to be determined by dentist.

67
Q

Why use “E”film speed?

A

High film speed =less radiation exposure time needed to create image on film, =less patient exposure.

67
Q

Do you know if you are using the correct filters and a collimator?

A

If unsure, ask your x-ray machine service company

68
Q

Why should you choose the number and size of film conservatively?

A

Only use number of films necessary to view teeth of interest if anatomy and cooperation permit, Larger size films decrease number of films, and patient exposure

69
Q

What does appropriate shielding include?

A

Aprons, thyroid shield, panoramic shields

70
Q

Why does the patient close their eyes during a radiograph?

A

increases eye protection, which may be exposed to the primary x-ray beam.

71
Q

Long open-ended, lead-lined cones are recommended vs.

A

Pointed plastic cones due to scatter radiation from x-ray beams penetrating the plastic cone before reaching the patient

73
Q

15W safelights used in a darkroom may cause:

A

May cause film fogging if;
too close to work area
filter is cracked
or bulb wattage too high

74
Q

Why shouldn’t you lay films (exposed or unexposed) in the operatory in which you are exposing radiographs:

A

become damaged if exposed to radiation

should be stored in a lead-lined film storage bin.

75
Q

To keep exposure time to radiation as short as possible you should?

A

take safety precautions with every exposure

76
Q

Where should you stand during a radiograph?

A

Not in direct line of primary beam
not peeking around corners
not in the room unless behind barrier
if no barriers are available, stand at a right angle 6ft away

77
Q

Long exposure cords are on units because:

A

It allows at least 6 feet from patients during all radiographic exposures.

78
Q

What should you do if you suspect faulty equipment?

A

Do not use it!
unusual noises, drifting tube-head
immediately report to dentist or supervisor before using again.

79
Q

Can you hold a patient or film for a patient during radiographic exposures?

A

NO!

Ask the parent or guardian for assistance if necessary.

80
Q

Is it ok, to hold the tube-head for stability because it is drifting?

A

NO!! If it drifts after placement, the unit should not be used until repaired.

81
Q

What is a personnel monitoring device used for?

A

To determine if you’re receiving less than the maximum permissible dose (MPD)

82
Q

Light films: maybe unreadable b/c there’s not enough contrast or detail to be read accurately.
may be caused by:

A

short developing time,
weak develop a solution,
fixing time too long,
Developing solution temperature low, Film packed backwards in holder.

83
Q

Dark films: overexposed and caused by too many x-rays striking the film resulting in a un-diagnostic radiograph. may be caused by:

A 
Light leaks
developing too long 
developer concentration to strong 
developer temperature too high
improper fixing 
paper stuck to film
84
Q

Fog films: subtle, uniform change in density. Films appear gray and hazy which affects the contrast and detail of the images and may mask dental problems.
may be caused by:

A

Light leaks in darkroom
film stored in warm or hot environment
out of date film

85
Q

Stained films: any fluid dropped on an x-ray will cause visible stains or discoloration
may be caused by:

A

Waterdrops (clear spots)
fixer dropped or improper washing a fixer from films (yellow or brown stain)
developer (dark or black spot)
fluoride on hands (fingerprint artifact)

86
Q

Improper film positioning

A

The correct placement is the most critical step for good exposure

87
Q

Come cutting

A

Round cylinder not covering them surface after placement and exposure

Dental Radiology (1 decks)

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