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Y3R1 - DALR ✋🏻 > Radiology 🩻 > Flashcards

Radiology 🩻 Flashcards

1
Q

Definition of interventional radiology

A
  • A subspeciality which provides minimally invasive techniques with the help of imaging modalities to diagnose or treat condition
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2
Q

Advantages of interventional radiology

A
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3
Q

Indications of interventional radiology

A
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4
Q

Definition of Angiography

A
  • The Radiological examination of Vessels after introduction of a contrast medium
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5
Q

History of Angiography

A
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6
Q

What is the basic principle of Angiography?

A

Seldinger Technique

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7
Q

Definition of Seldinger Technique

A

A percutaneous technique for arterial and Venous access

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8
Q

History of Seldinger Technique

A

In 1953, Seldinger described a method for catheterization of vessels

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9
Q

What is the most commonly used in Seldinger Technique?

A

Femoral artery

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10
Q

Equipment for Seldinger Technique

A
  • Seldinger needle
  • Guidewires
  • Catheters
  • Contrast media
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11
Q

Size of Seldinger Needle

A

18-Gauge

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12
Q

Usage of Seldinger Needle

A

Single use Sterile needle (disposable)

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13
Q

Parts of Seldinger Needle

A

2 parts

  • A solid inner needle
  • A thin Outer wall needle for smooth passage
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14
Q

Use of guidewires

A
  • Guide the catheter
  • allow safe introduction of catheter into the vessel
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15
Q

Characters of guidewires

A
  • made of stainless steel
  • Usually about 145 cm long
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16
Q

Parts of guidewires

A
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17
Q

Characters of catheters in Sildenger technique

A
  • Many shapes and sizes
  • Diameter is given in French (3Fr=1mm)
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18
Q

Tips at the end of guidewires

A
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19
Q

Examples of catheres and their discription, indications used for Sildenger Technique

A
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20
Q

Contrast media used in Sildenger Technique

A

Initially: Ionic iodine compounds were used

Now: None ionic contrast media are used as they have low adverse reactions and low physiological problems

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21
Q

Before the procedure Sildenger Technique

A
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22
Q

Steps of Sildenger Technique

A
  • Before the procedure
  • The procedure
  • After the procedure
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23
Q

The Procedure Sildenger Technique

A
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24
Q

After the procedure Sildenger Technique

A
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25
Q

What does interventional radiology suite consist of?

A
  • Two rooms
  • Equipment
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26
Q

Risks & Possible complications of Sildenger Technique

A
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27
Q

Rooms in interventional radiology suite

A
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28
Q

Advantages of X-ray apparatus for interventional radiology

A
  • More massive, Flexible, Expensive & Advanced
  • More heat load
  • Gives more serial images
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29
Q

Shape of X-ray apparatus for interventional radiology

A
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30
Q

Importance of Generators in X-ray

A

Generation of x-ray

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31
Q

Characters of Generators in X-ray

A

High frequency and high-voltage

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32
Q

Components of Generators in X-ray

A
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33
Q

Cathode in X-Ray

A
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34
Q

Anode in X-Ray

A
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35
Q

Definition of focal spot

A
  • The area of the anode surface which receives the beam of electrons from the cathode
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36
Q

Type of x-ray tube in X-ray apparatus for interventional radiology

A

Ceiling track-mounted X-ray tubes

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37
Q

Types of focal spot

A
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38
Q

What does the size of focal spot depend on?

A

Depends on the size of the electron beam

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39
Q

Number of X-ray tubes for interventional radiology

A
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40
Q

Types of image receptor in X-ray apparatus for interventional radiology

A
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41
Q

Movement of patient couch in X-ray apparatus for interventional radiology

A
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42
Q

Definition of Nuclear medicine

A
  • Branch of medicine that uses radioactive substances in the diagnosis and therapy

The radioactive substance is called radio tracer, or radio pharmacuetical

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43
Q

Steps of imaging in Nuclear medicine

A
  • Selection of isotope
  • Administration of the radioactive substances
  • Record of gamma rays
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44
Q

Definition of Radioisotopes of an element

A
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45
Q

Properties of Ideal radioactive isotope

A
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46
Q

How to make sure that the isotope reaches the organ of interest?

A
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47
Q

What is the most common (Isotope) used?

A

Technetium

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48
Q

Roots of administration of radioactive substance

A
  • IV
  • subcutaneous injection
  • Inhalation
  • Ingestion
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49
Q

How our Gama rays emitted from radioactive substances recorded?

A
  • Gamma rays are collected from outside the body by special instrument called Gamma camera
  • They may be detected in a sample of body fluid, like plasma or urine
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50
Q

What are different types of radionuclide imaging procedure?

A
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51
Q

Definition of Planar Scintigraphy

A
  • Planar Imaging produces a 2D Image with no depth, information and structures at different depth are supeimposed
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52
Q

Compare between PET & SPECT

A
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53
Q

What are hybrid scanning techniques?

A
  • A combination of two techniques
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54
Q

Examples of hybrid scanning techniques

A
  • PET + CT
  • PET + MRI
  • SPECT + CT
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55
Q

Advantages of hybrid scanning techniques

A
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56
Q

Applications of radioactive isotopes in diagnosis

A
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57
Q

Applications of radioactive isotopes in therapy

A
  • Radioisotopes are administrated to treat disease
  • Example: Management of malignancies (tumor tissue are attacked by of radiation)
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58
Q

What properties do technetium have?

A
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59
Q

Other radioactive substances and their use

A
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60
Q

Radioactive iodine

A
  • used in thyroid scan
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61
Q

99mTc pertechnetate

A
  • Used in thyroid image
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62
Q

99mTc-MIBI

A

Used in pre-operative localization of parathyroid gland

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63
Q

Iodo cholesterol 131 labeled 6 iodo methyl-19 norcholesterol

A

Used in:

  • Cushing disease
  • Cortisol producing adenoma
  • Primary aldosteronism

(adrenocortical imaging)

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64
Q

(133 I) iodohippuric acid

A

Used in diagnosis of:

  • Kidney infections and obstruction
  • Diagnosis of imbalance of function between two kidneys
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65
Q

99m Tc-DTPA

A
  • Measurement of GFR
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66
Q

Xenon 133

A

Used in lung function evaluation

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67
Q

Applications of nuclear imaging in general

A
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68
Q

What is the aim of bone scan?

A
  • evaluate the distribution of active bone formation
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69
Q

Indications of bone scan

A
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70
Q

What is the radiopharmaceutical used in bone scan?

A
  • Phosphate analogues labeled with 99m TC
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71
Q

Indications of thyroid scan

A
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72
Q

What is the radio pharmaceutical used in thyroid scan?

A
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73
Q

Definition of V/Q lung scan

A
  • A scintgraphic examination of the lung that evaluates pulmonary vascular perfusion and segmental bronchioalveolar tree ventilation
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74
Q

Indications of V/Q lung scan

A
  • Suspected Pulmonary Embolism
  • Monitor lung fuction adter lung transplant
  • Preoperative estimates of lung function in lung cancer patients before pneumonectomy
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75
Q

What is the radio pharmaceutical used in V/Q lung scan?

A
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76
Q

Indications of renal scan

A
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77
Q

What is the pharmaceutical used in renal scan?

A
78
Q

What is the gamma camera used in myocardial perfusion scintgraphy?

A
  • SPECT is the standard method for myocardial perfusion scintgraphy
  • It gives cross-sectional three-dimension along the short and long axis of the heart
79
Q

What is the radio pharmaceutical used in myocardial perfusion scintgraphy?

A
80
Q

When are these radio pharmaceuticals administrated?

A
  • They can be administrated under stress as well as resting conditions
  • Stress conditions may be caused by treadmill or specific drugs
81
Q

Imaging (myocardial perfusion scintgraphy)

A
82
Q

History of x-ray

A
83
Q

What kind of radiation are x-rays?

A
  • x-rays are electromagnetic radiation
84
Q

How does X-ray work?

A
  • X-ray machine sends individual x-ray particles through the body
  • The images are recorded on a computer or film
85
Q

cz

Production of radiograph

A
86
Q

Principle of x-ray production

A
  • X-Rays are generated when electrons that have been accelerated to great velocity hit a metallic anode
87
Q

Steps of x-ray production

A
88
Q

X-ray interaction with a patient

A
89
Q

How much energy does X-ray require?

A
90
Q

What are clinical applications of x-ray with contrast?

A
91
Q

What are clinical applications of plain x-ray?

A
92
Q

What are hazards of x-ray?

A
  • Ionizing radiation does have some risks to consider
  • But it is also important to remember that x-rays can help detect diseases or injury at early stages, and consequently be treated appropriately (it’s life-saving)
93
Q

Risks of X-Ray

A
94
Q

What are factors that cause higher risk of x-ray?

A

factors which cause higher risk:

  • A higher number of x-ray exams
  • Receiving x-rays at a younger age
95
Q

How to minimize risk of x-ray?

A
96
Q

X-ray during pregnancy

A
97
Q

What are factors that increase risk of X-Ray?

A
98
Q

Risk of x-ray during lactation

A
  • Safe
99
Q

Definition and principle of Ultrasound

A
100
Q

Frequency of sound in Ultrasound

A
  • The audible sound for human ear: Ranges from 20 - 20,000 HZ (hertz).
  • Sound waves used in ultrasound machine: Ranges from 2 - 20 MHZ (megahertz).
101
Q

difference in sound transmission in different tissues

Ultrasound

A
102
Q

Types of transducers

A
103
Q

How does the transducer of Ultrasound work?

A
104
Q

Types of Ultrasound Images

A
105
Q

Applications of Ultrasonography

A
106
Q

What types of energy does a transducer convert?

A

The transducer converts one type of energy into another:

  • Electrical and Mechanical (sound).
107
Q

Definition of Obestetric Ultrasound

A
  • It is the use of ultrasound in pregnancy, to create real-time visual images of the developing embryo in the uterus.
108
Q

Imaging in Obestetric Ultrasound

A
109
Q

what is the most common use of Ultrasound?

A

Abdominal & pelvic ultrasound

110
Q

Diagnostic use of Abdominal & pelvic ultrasound

A

Examination of abdominal & pelvic organs as regard:
* Size - Echogenicity - Masses.

Help diagnose the causes of acute abdomen pain such as:
* GB stones.
* Ovarian torsion.
* Renal stones.
* Appendicitis.

Fast US
- Used in emergency Searching for internal hemorrhage & Parenchymatous injury in pelvi-abdominal trauma.

111
Q

Interventional use of Abdominal & pelvic ultrasound

A

Diagnostic:
- Biopsy From organs or pathological masses.
- Aspiration of fluid to detect its nature.

Therapeutic:
- Tube drain Such as of postoperative collections.
- Tumor ablation US guided techniques.

112
Q

Diagnostic use of Neck ultrasound

A

Examination of Neck organs as:
* Thyroid.
* Parotid gland.
* Submandibular gland.
* LNs.
As regard (size - echogenicity - masses)

TIRADS for thyroid.

Evaluation of neck vessels:
* Carotid system.
* Internal jugular veins.

113
Q

Interventional use of Neck ultrasound

A

Diagnostic:
- Biopsy From organs or pathological masses (FNAC or True cut needle biopsy).

114
Q

what is the 1st choice in cases of?

  • Patients with palpable Masses & nipple discharge.
  • Screening of breast masses in young female < 35 y
A
  • Breast ultrasound
115
Q

Diagnostic uses of Breast Ultrasound

A
116
Q

Interventional use of Breast Ultrasound

A

Diagnostic

  • Biopsy From masses (FNAC or True cut needle biopsy).
  • Surgical clips.
  • Charcoal injection.
117
Q

what is the 1st choice in cases of?

  • Nonpalpable testis in pediatric.
  • Acute testicular pain.
  • Scrotal swelling.
A
  • Testicular ultrasound
118
Q

Diagnostic uses of Testicular ultrasound

A
119
Q

Diagnostic uses of Vascular ultrasound

A
120
Q

How is Vascular ultrasound done?

A

Doppler US

121
Q

Diagnostic uses of Transfontanellar ultrasound

A
122
Q

Diagnostic uses of Axillary &inguinal ultrasound

A

Examination of LNs as regard:
* Size & shape.
* Echogenicity.
* Suspicious criteria.

Evaluation of vessels: Arterial system veins.

Evaluation of any abnormal newly developed swelling & characterization of its nature.

123
Q

Interventional uses of Axillary &inguinal ultrasound

A

Diagnostic:
- Biopsy from pathological masses (FNAC or True cut needle biopsy).

124
Q

Diagnostic uses of Musculoskeletal ultrasound

A

JOINTS:

  • Examination of joints mainly searching for joint effusion.
  • Examination of hip joints in newborns (<6 months) Suspected having subluxation or dislocation.

TENDONS & MUSCLES:
- Evaluation of tendons & muscles in patients with Sport injury & suspecting tendon pathology.

125
Q

Interventional uses of Musculoskeletal ultrasound

A

Diagnostic:

  • Biopsy from pathological masses (FNAC or True cut needle biopsy).
  • Aspiration From joint effusion or soft tissue collections to detect its nature.
126
Q

Diagnostic uses of Chest ultrasound

A
  • Detection of pleural effusion.
  • Diagnostic tool & follow up in pneumonic consolidation in Pediatric.
127
Q

Interventional uses of Chest ultrasound

A

Diagnostic:
- Biopsy from pathological masses.
- Fluid aspiration to detect its nature.

Therapeutic:
- Tube drainage.

128
Q

Diagnostic uses of Cardiac ultrasound (ECHO)

A
  • Diagnosis of pericardial effusion.
  • Evaluation of cardiac Chamber as regard:
    . Size.
    . Wall thickness.
    . Contractility & Ejection fraction.
  • Evaluation of cardiac valves as regard:
    . Patency.
    . Function.
129
Q

Advantages of US

A
130
Q

Disadvantages of US

A
131
Q

Def of CT

A
132
Q

Principle of CT

A
133
Q

Steps of CT

A
134
Q

Findings in CT

A
135
Q

Uses of CT Scan

A
136
Q

what is the most commonly performed CT scan?

A

Brain CT

137
Q

Definition of Iodinated Contrast Media

A
  • Contrast agents that contain lodine atoms used for x-ray-based imaging modalities such as computed tomography (CT).
138
Q

CI of Iodinated Contrast Media

A
139
Q

Percentage of allergic like reactions to Iodinated Contrast Media

A

0.6% of cases.

140
Q

Are patients who suffer from allergic reactions to shellfish or topical iodine at any higher risk of contrast allergy than patients with any other allergy or asthma?

A

No

141
Q

Uses of Brain CT

A
142
Q

Uses of Paranasal CT

A
143
Q

Uses of Chest CT

A
144
Q

Uses of Abdomen & Pelcis CT

A
145
Q

Def of MRI

A
146
Q

Principle of MRI

A
  • Works by magnetism (very high magnetic field).
147
Q

what is Tesla?

A

Tesla (The unite of magnetic flux density)

  • It represents the strength of a magnetic field.
    1 Tesla = 20 thousand times earth’s magnetic field
148
Q

Types of MRI machine

A
149
Q

Magnetic field strength in MRI

A
150
Q

CI of MRI

A

Contraindicated in patients with:
- Metallic prosthesis.
- Aneurysm clips.
- Cardiac pacemakers.
- Cochlear implants.
- Metallic foreign bodies in the orbits.

151
Q

what are New implants (As pacemaker, Aneurysm clips, etc…) now made from?

A
  • MRI compatible alloys possess no magnetic properties.
  • So the patient can be safely introduced in the machine.
152
Q

Advantages of MRI

A
153
Q

Disadvantages of MRI

A
154
Q

Clinical applications in MRI

A
155
Q

Basic sequences in MRI

A

They are 3:
- T1 weighted (+Contrast).
- T2 weighted.
- Proton weighted.

156
Q

Characters of basic sequences in MRI

A
  • Very high resolution.
  • Sometimes very slow (generally slower than CT), One sequence may take 2 minutes on the best machine.
  • So not suitable for dynamic contrast exams because they take too long time.

To overcome this problem, we use gradient sequence

157
Q

Acc to the mobility the amount of H+ in the tissue

(MRI)

A
158
Q

How is fat Good & Bad in MRI? and How is thsi problem overcomed?

A
159
Q

what are other sequences in MRI?

A
160
Q

Def of Inversion Recovery Sequences

A
  • Sequences used to null the signal from certain tissues.
161
Q

what do Inversion Recovery Sequences include?

A

FLAIR: Used to null fluid (like T2 but with hypointense fluid).

STIR: Used to null Fat.

162
Q

Characters of Gradient Echo

A
  • Can be T1 or T2 weighted.
  • Very fast
163
Q

Importance of Heavy T2-Weighted Images

A
164
Q

Uses of Gradient Echo

A
  • Can be used in dynamic examinations.
  • For example Dynamic liver exam → similar to Triphasic CT.
165
Q

Examples of Heavy T2-Weighted Images

A

MRCP

166
Q

What is Diffusion Weighted Imaging based on?

A
  • based on: Measurement of the Random motion of water molecules in the inter cellular space “extracellular fluid” (Brownian movement).
167
Q

Types of water motion

A

Directed motion
- Motion in certain direction as blood in blood vessel.

Random motion
- Motion in any direction as in extra & intra cellular fluid.

168
Q

Findings in Diffusion Weighted Imaging

A
169
Q

Principle of advanced-MRS Spectroscopy

A
170
Q

Def of Advanced MRI Perfusion

A
171
Q

Example of Advanced MRI Perfusion

A

Blood Flow Map

172
Q

summary of radiology

A
173
Q

Summary of x-ray

A
174
Q

summary of US

A
175
Q

Principle of CT

A
176
Q

Summary of MRI

A
177
Q

Compare between X-Ray, US, CT & MRI in terms of:

  • Advantages
  • Disadvantages
  • Uses
A
178
Q

what are radiology subspecialities?

A
  1. Emergency Radiology.
  2. Cardiovascular Radiology.
  3. Head & Neck Radiology.
  4. Breast Imaging.
  5. Chest imaging.
  6. Neuroradiology.
  7. Interventional Radiology.
  8. Pediatric Radiology.
  9. Musculoskeletal Radiology.
  10. Nuclear Radiology.
179
Q

Def of Triphasic CT

A
180
Q

If youneed to examine ….., then use …….

A
181
Q

Case scenario

70-years old female falling on outstretched hands, coming to the ER by pain, swelling & deformity of the right wrist joint.

A
182
Q

Case scenario

65-years old male developed Sudden deterioration & altered conscious state.

A
183
Q

Case scenario

35-years old female with neck swelling & normal thyroid profile

A
184
Q

Case scenario

75-years old male suffers from left temporal seizures.

A
185
Q

Case scenario

50-years old male suffer from fever & dry cough 4 days ago.

A
186
Q

Case scenario

39-years old female suffers right hypochondrial pain & fever.

A
187
Q

Case Scenario

40-years old male with severe pain, abdominal distension & vomiting

A
188
Q

Case scenario

55-years old male with abdominal pain, jaundice, & abnormal liver function.

A
189
Q

Case scenario

40-years old male with right flank pain.

A
190
Q

Case scenario

20-years old foot player with twist injury.

A

Y3R1 - DALR ✋🏻 (4 decks)

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