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radiography lecture > radiography exam 2 > Flashcards

radiography exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the types of x-ray film

A

intraoral
extraoral
duplicate

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2
Q

intraoral film

A

photographic film adapted for use in dentistry

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3
Q

intraoral film packaging components

A
  1. outer package wrapping
  2. paper film wrapper
  3. lead foil sheet
  4. x-ray film
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4
Q

what side of the film faces the teeth and tubehead

A

solid white, raised bump in corner

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5
Q

what side of the film faces the tongue

A

label side, flap to open packet and film information

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6
Q

what does the film wrapper do

A

protective sheet that covers film and shields film from light

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7
Q

what does the lead foil sheet do

A

shields film from backscatter radiation

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8
Q

film composition

A
  1. film base
  2. adhesive layer
  3. film emulsion
  4. protective layer
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9
Q

what is emulsion made of

A

gelatin and halide crystals

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10
Q

what are the two types of halide crystals

A

silver bromide and silver iodide

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11
Q

latent image

A

image that remains invisible until processed

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12
Q

manual film processing steps

A
  1. development
  2. rinsing
  3. fixing
  4. washing
  5. drying
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13
Q

what step is skipped in automatic film processing

A

rinsing

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14
Q

what two elements does developing agent contain

A

hydroquinone (makes black tones and sharp contrast) and elon (produces many shades of gray)

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15
Q

what ingredients are in fixer agent

A

sodium thiosulfate or ammonium thiosulfate

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16
Q

what is the standard film size

A

2

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17
Q

film speed

A

A - slowest
F- fastest
D-F are only used in intraoral radiography

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18
Q

equipment for digital imaging

A

x-ray unit
sensor
computer

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19
Q

types of digital sensors

A

CCD and CMOS

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20
Q

what’s the only difference between CCD and CMOS

A

the way the pixels are read

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21
Q

direct imaging

A

obtaining digital images by exposing an intraoral sensor to x-radiation

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22
Q

indirect imaging

A

obtaining digital images by scanning a sensor after exposure to x-radiation

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23
Q

what do you need for direct imaging

A

intraoral x-ray unit
sensor
computer with imaging software

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24
Q

what do you need for indirect imaging

A

intraoral x-ray unit
PSP plate
scanner
computer with imaging software

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25
Q

PSP plates

A

coated with phosphors
flexible
reusable

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26
Q

characteristics of radiation

A

beam quality, quantity, and beam intensity

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27
Q

x-ray beam quality

A

kVP - quality

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28
Q

shorter wavelengths =

A

more penetrating power

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29
Q

higher kvp and higher density result in

A

darker image

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29
Q

how many kvp’s does dental radiography use

A

65-100

30
Q

lower kvp and lower density result in

A

lighter image

31
Q

is contrast affected by kvp

A

yes, high kvp = low contrast
low kvp = high contrast

32
Q

short-scale contrast

A

black and white

33
Q

long-scale contrast

A

many shades of gray

34
Q

stepwedge

A

device used to demonstrate short-scale contrast and long-scale contrast

35
Q

why might we adjust contrast

A

low contrast - good for detecting perio disease
high contrast - good for detecting caries

36
Q

x-ray beam quanity

A

mA - quantity

37
Q

what does milliamperage regulate

A

temperature of cathode filament

38
Q

what are our exposure factors

A

kilovoltage, milliamperage, and time

39
Q

what is intensity affected by

A

kV, mA, exposure time, and distance

40
Q

target-surface distace

A

target to patient’s skin

41
Q

inverse square law

A

as one variable increases, the other decreases

42
Q

if distance is doubled

A

1/4 as intense

43
Q

if distance is tripled

A

1/9 as intense

44
Q

half-layer value

A

amount of material needed to reduce the x-ray beams intensity by half, we use aluminum filter

45
Q

geometric characteristics

A

sharpness
magnification
distortion

46
Q

rule of isometry

A

two triangles are equal if the triangles have two equal angles and share a common side

47
Q

where is the central ray in bisecting technique

A

perpendicular to imaginary bisector

48
Q

bisecting technique order

A
  1. receptor along lingual surface of tooth
  2. angle to bisect formed
  3. visualize imaginary bisector
  4. CR perpendicular to imaginary bisector
  5. two congruent triangles formed
49
Q

what happens when there is too high of vertical angulation in bisecting

A

foreshortening

50
Q

what happens when there is too low vertical angulation in bisecting

A

elongated

51
Q

devices of bisecting technique

A

rinn BAI system
stabe
snap-a-ray

52
Q

what is the result of incorrect horizontal angulation

A

overlap

53
Q

what is vertical angulation for bitewings

A

+10 degrees

54
Q

patient preparation for bisecting x-rays

A

arch you are exposing parallel to floor
midsagittal plane perpendicular to floor

55
Q

maxillary point of entry

A

where ever tooth is to the ALA TRAGUS

56
Q

mandibular point of entry

A

where ever the tooth is to the SYMPHYSIS OF CHIN

57
Q

is it recommended to use a short or long pid for bisecting

A

short

58
Q

what can we see on a panoramic

A

maxilla, mandible, and oral and facial structures

59
Q

when to use a panoramic

A

evaluating dentition/impacted teeth
evaluating development
disease detection
evaluating trauma

60
Q

when to NOT use a panoramic

A

detection of caries, periodontal disease, or periaprical lesions because the image is not as sharp

61
Q

how do the tube head and receptor move together

A

they move in opposite directions

62
Q

tomography

A

allows us to focus on one thing while blurring the rest

63
Q

rotation center

A

pivot point/axis around which a receptor and x-ray tube head rotate, no exact rotation center

64
Q

focal trough

A

3-D curved zone in which structures are clearly demonstrated on a panoramic image

65
Q

structures you may see in a double image

A

epiglottis
hyoid bone
cervical spine

66
Q

ghost image

A

blurred, magnified, higher than actual structure

67
Q

PAN equipment

A

tubehead
head positioner (bite block, chin rest, lateral supports)
exposure controls

68
Q

collimator

A

restricts beam size

69
Q

DICOM images

A

raw data undergoes reconstruction to form 3D object

69
Q

what does DICOM require

A

training to interpret by AAOMR

70
Q

voxels

A

3D pixels

71
Q

common uses for CBCT

A

IMPLANT PLACEMENT
ortho
trauma
endodontic assessment

radiography lecture (1 decks)

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