Radiography And Laboratory Diagnostics Flashcards
1
Q
List 5 legislations that may relate to Radiography and Laboratory Diagnostics
A
COSHH 2002
Environmental Protection Act 1990
Hazardous Waste Regulations 2005
Health and Safety at Work Act 1974
RIDDOR 2013
2
Q
List PPE required in Radiography and/or Lab
A
Gloves
Apron
Goggles
Enclosed shoes
Hair tied back
No nail polish
No jewellery
WHO hand wash
3
Q
List potential risks relating to Radiography and Lab
A
Chemical risks
Equipment
Zoonotic diseases
Waste
Sharps
Fumes or aerosols
Fire or explosions
Slips, trips and falls
4
Q
Name the 9 hazard labels
A
Corrosive
Harmful
Toxic
Environmental
Explosive
Health
Compressed gas
Flammable
Oxidising
5
Q
Name 5 parts of the Laboratory Code of Conduct
A
- Read and understand practice health and safety policies - risk assessments and SOP’s
- Authorised personnel only
- PPE worn when required
- Labelling hazardous items and stored securely
- Spill kit
6
Q
Define Calibration
A
Adjusting / standardising equipment for precision
7
Q
Define control
A
Ensuring precision and accuracy of the patient sample
8
Q
Define vernier scale
A
A method used to locate and organism or artefact on a microscope slide
9
Q
Define condenser
A
The lens on a microscope
10
Q
Define rheostat
A
The light on a microscope
11
Q
Define sediment
A
The deposit layer
12
Q
Define supernantant
A
The fluid layer
13
Q
What does RPM stand for? (Lab related)
A
Revolutions Per Minute
14
Q
What are reagent kits?
A
Chemicals that change colour when encountering a substance
15
Q
What scales are included on a microscope? (Include scale numbers)
A
Vertical main scale 0-40
Horizontal scale 40-100
16
Q
What is the function of a refractometer?
A
Measure the density/weight of fluid compared to equal volume of distilled water
17
Q
List the different types of hazardous waste
A
Infectious
Cytotoxic
Cytostatic
Sharps
Photographic chemicals
18
Q
List the types of non-hazardous waste
A
Pharmaceutical
Sanitary
General
19
Q
List types of offensive waste
A
Blood
Bodily fluids
Any veterinary waste
20
Q
What are the patient preparation requirements for different types of blood analysis?
A
Starve patient for 8-12 hours (lipaemic)
Fed prior testing ( bile acids, liver function)
Make sure rested and stress free (glucose estimation)
21
Q
What equipment is required for blood analysis?
A
Clippers/scissors
Skin prep solution (spirit and cotton wool)
Sterile needle and syringe
Blood tubes (labelled)
Microscope slides
Pressure bandage materials
22
Q
What size needle can be used for a cat? (Include colour)
A
23 gauge (Blue)
23
Q
What size needle is used for a dog? (Include colour)
A
21 gauge (Green)
24
Q
What anticoagulant is used in an orange blood tube?
A
Lithium Heparin
25
What anticoagulant is used in a white blood tube?
No anticoagulant - plain/serum tube
26
What anticoagulant is used in a pink/red blood tube?
EDTA
27
What anticoagulant is used in a yellow blood tube?
Oxalate
28
What anticoagulant is used in a green blood tube?
Sodium citrate
29
What anticoagulant is used in a brown blood tube?
No anticoagulant - gel barrier (serum)
30
Define a vacutainer
Blood collection tube with a rubber stopper to create the vaccum seal and is more suitable for collapsed veins
31
List the common venepuncture sites for a cat/dog
Jugular
Cephalic
Lateral or medial saphenous
32
Define a haematology sample
Physical study of cells and fluid matrix
33
Define a blood smear sample
Thin unicellular layer of blood cells to examine RBCs, WBCs and microorganisms
Use staining
34
What is included in a slide examination?
Microscope, battlement technique, recording cells occurance, appearance and abnormalities
35
What equipment is required for a PCV test?
Haemocrit tube
Sealant/clay
Centrifuge
PCV reader
36
What can an increased PCV identify?
Dehydration
Endotoxic
Shock
Splenic contraction
37
What can a decreased PCV identify?
Anaemia
Haemorrhage
38
What is the PCV range for a dog?
37-55%
39
What is the PCV range for a cat?
24-45%
40
What is the measurement for a blood analysis - total solids test?
g/100ml
Multiply by 10 for g/L
41
What are the ranges for a dog and cat in a blood analysis - total solids test?
60-75g/L
42
List the different types of tests used in serum biochemistry
Liver tests
Pancreas tests
Kidney tests
Electrolytes
Cholesterol
Glucose
43
Define serum
Obtained from clotted sample (no clotting factors)
44
Define plasma
Obtained after spinning sample with an anticoagulant present
45
What metabolic products are found in urine?
Creatinine
Urea
46
What minerals are found in urine?
Calcium
Magnesium
Phosphorus
47
What electrolytes are found in urine?
Sodium
Potassium
Chlorine
Water
48
What patient preparation is required for urinalysis?
First morning sample
Fresh sample within 1 hour
Mid-stream ( free catch)
49
What are the non-sterile methods of urine collection?
Natural collection (free catch)
Manual expression
50
What are the sterile methods of urine collection?
Catheterisation
Cytocentesis
51
What are the different coloured sample pots used for urine collection?
Universal (White)
Boric Acid (red)
52
List the physical analysis of a urine sample
Colour
Turbidity
Smell
53
When are dipstick urine tests best used?
On fresh urine
54
Define a Urine Specific Gravity test
Assesses urine concentration by measuring a fluids reactive index
55
What are the pH ranges in urine for a canine?
5.2-6.8
56
What are the pH ranges in urine for a feline?
6.0-7.0
57
What is the USG ranges for a canine?
1.015-1.045
58
What is the USG range for a feline?
1.020-1.060
59
What RPM is used in a centrifuge for preparing urine for examination? And for how long?
1500-2000 RPM for 5 minutes
60
Define steatorrhea
Excessive fat in stools
61
Define melena
Black, tarry stool
62
Define colitis
Inflammation of the colon
63
Define haematochezia
Fresh blood from anus and stools
64
Define faecal occult blood
Blood in stool (found under microscope)
65
What patient preparation is required for a faecal analysis?
Meat free for 3 days
Withdrawal of medication if antidiarrhoeal or antibiotics for 5 days
Collect samples over several days
66
List equipment required for a faecal analysis
Sterile faecal pot with spatula
Gloves
Identification chart (BSC)
Lubricant
Empty litter tray
Preservative (10% saline)
67
What temperature should urine be stored at? And how long?
4-8 degrees for no more than 6 hours
68
What temperature should faecal samples be stored at?
4 degrees
69
What does a dark brown/black faecal sample identify?
Melena
70
What does a pink faecal sample identify?
Hepatic dysfunction - biliary obstruction
71
What does a red/frank blood faecal sample identify?
Lower GI haemorrhage
72
What does a white faecal sample identify?
Steatorrhea - fat or bones in diet or metabolic deficiency
73
What does a blue/green faecal sample identify?
Suspect metaldehyde poisoning
74
What does a yellow faecal sample identify?
Bile pigment - liver disorder
75
What does a mucous faecal sample identify?
Lower GI tract disorder
76
List the different microscopic examinations for a faecal sample
Direct smear
Modified McMaster
Baermann
Parvo snap test
77
Define lesion
Damage or abnormal change in tissue
78
Define pyoderma
Skin infection with large and painful ulcers
79
Define papule
Small solid raised bump less than 1cm wide
80
Define rash
Area of irritated or swollen skin
81
Define alopecia
Hair loss
82
Define erythema
Inflammed skin (red - increased blood supply)
83
Define cyst
Abnormal pocket of fluid / semi solid on skin
84
Define pustule
Small inflammed, pus filled, blister like sores
85
Define atopy
Genetic tendency to develop allergic diseases (hypersensitivity)
86
Define pododermatitis
Inflammation of paws
87
Define pruritis
Severe itching
88
What are the requirements for a dermatology examination? List 3
Allergies
Skin condition
Correct drug for patient
89
What patient preparation is required for a dermatology examination?
Skin/hair sample prior to drug therapy
Patient drug free for 7-10 day period
Do not clip, scrub or wash prior
90
List 6 skin sampling techniques
Skin scrapes
Hair brushing
Tape impressions
Hair plucks
Swabs
Skin biopsy
91
What legislation is related to Radiography health and safety?
Ionising Radiation Regulations (2017)
92
List 4 general principles of radiography health and safety
1. Notification of work
2. Registration of practice
3. Radiation risk assessment
4. Maintenance and examination of engineering controls
93
List 5 requirements for radiography
1. HSE notified - working with ionising radiation
2. HSE code of conduct
3. BVA specific guide
4. Employers - radiation risk assessment for exposure levels and accident reports
5. Failure to comply - prosecution
94
What are the 3 local rules of radiography?
Hard copy - precautions to perform radiography
State names of RPS and RPA
Reviewed annually
95
What does RPS stand for?
Radiation Protection Supervisor
96
What does RPA stand for?
Radiation Protection Advisor
97
What PPE is required for radiography?
Personal dosimetry
Lead gloves
Lead gown
Thyroid protector
98
In lead gloves, what is the minimum amount of lead required?
0.35mm
99
In lead gowns, what is the minimum amount of lead required?
0.25mm
100
In a thyroid protector, what is the minimum amount of lead required?
0.5mm
101
List the personnel who are not allowed to work with radiography
Under 16 years of age
Pregnant
Advised by GP
Part time employees
General public
102
List 4 requirements for patient safety in radiography
1. Sedated or under GA
2. Prevent movement from position
3. Collars/harnesses removed prior to
4. Monitored continually - must leave room when exposure made
103
What can be used to prevent movement during radiography?
Sandbags and wedges
104
What can only be used to prevent movement if the patient is under GA in radiography?
Ties
105
What are the properties of x-rays?
Invisible
Painless
Latent effect
Cumulative effects
106
Define somatic effects of radiation
Direct changes in body tissue that occur after exposure to
107
Define the carcinogenic effects of radiation
Induction of cancer in tissues exposed to radiation
108
Define the genetic effects of radiation
Occurs when gonads are irritated and mutations induce in chromosomes of germ cells from exposure
109
List parts of an x-ray machine
The tube head
Generator control console
X-ray generator
110
What is an ‘x-ray’?
Shorter wavelength than visible light (higher frequency)
111
Explain the production of x-rays
The mains electrical current turns into a high voltage current which then converts into x-rays through thermionic emission. The x-rays are deflected down and released out of the window of the x-ray head then the x-rays leave the machine which forms the primary beam.
112
Is an anode positive or negative?
Positive
113
Is a cathode positive or negative?
Negative
114
What are anodes and cathodes made of?
Tungsten
115
What is the intensity and quality of an x-ray beam controlled by?
Milliamperage (mA)
Time (s)
Kilovoltage (kV)
116
What factors can affect the kV?
Species
Weight
Tissue density
Tissue atomic number
117
What does a higher mA produce?
Overexposure
118
What does a lower mA produce?
Underexposure
119
How does time affect the exposure time?
Long exposure time means blacker the film
120
What is the film focal distance (FFD)?
Distance between focal spot and surface of the x-ray film
121
What is the range of cm that FFD is kept constant?
75cm-100cm
122
What colour do bones show on an x-ray?
White
123
What colour do soft tissues show on an x-ray?
Grey
124
What colour does air show on an x-ray?
Black
125
What can be used to reduce radiation scatter?
Grids
Collimation
Positioning
Reducing kV
Lead sheets covering x-ray table
126
If the kV is high, what is shown?
Low contrast
127
If the kV is low, what does it show?
High contrast
128
If the mA is high, what does it show?
Darker film
129
If the mA is low, what does it show?
Lighter film
130
If the kV is increased by 10…
mAs should be halved
131
If the kV decreased by 10…
mAs should be doubled
132
What is the equation if the FFD is changed?
New mAs = old mAs x new FFD(squared) / old FFD(squared)
133
If a grid is introduced, what is the equation?
New mAs = old mAs x grid factor
134
Computed Radiography (CR) is…
Cassette based
135
What does an imaging plate consist of?
Protective layer
Phosphor layer
Reflective layer
Conductive layer
Colour layer
Support layer
Backing layer (with barcode)
136
Explain the process of Computed Radiography (CR)
The cassette is placed into the processor
The processor removes imaging plate from cassette
The imaging plate is scanned with a laser to release stored electrons and emit photons of light
The photons are detected and digitalised and viewed onto a computer monitor
137
Digital Radiography (DDR) is…
Non cassette based
138
Define direct conversion (DDR)
Converting x-ray energy into an electrical charge using flat panel detectors
139
Define indirect conversion (IDR)
X-ray energy converted into light then into an electrical charge using flat panel detectors and charged couple devices
140
What is the definition of density?
Overall darkness of a radiograph or degree of film darkening
141
What is the definition of contrast?
Difference in density between areas of a radiograph
142
What is definition?
Sharpness or clarity of structures visible on a radiograph
143
Define underexposure
Insufficient photons reaching detectors
144
Define overexposure
Areas of lower density appear blackened out
145
How do you alter underexposure?
Increase kV by 10-15%
146
How do you alter overexposure?
Decrease kV by 10-15%
147
What are the 2 types of artefacts?
Moire and Uberschwinger
148
Define the moire artefact
Alternating light and dark bands across image
149
Define the uberschwinger artefact
Halo-like mimics on a radiograph - usually from orthopaedic screws
