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Radiography > Radiography > Flashcards

Radiography Flashcards

1
Q

Radiation risks

A

Invisible
Latent
Painless
Cumulative

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2
Q

ALARA

A

As low as reasonably achievable
Time
Shielding
Distance

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3
Q

Somatic
Genetic
Carciogenic

A

Effects straight after (red, baldness, cataract formation, digestive upset, positive effect on tumour)
Effects gonads (mutations of DNA)
Induces cancer in tissue

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4
Q

SOP

A

Standard operating procedure

Instruction to take an x-ray

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5
Q

IRR, date

Categorises by? Based upon?

A

Ionising radiation regulations, 1999
Risk banding - based upon use and dangers associated
Notification - low dose
Registration - veterinary radiation and x-ray devices
Consent - nuclear sector, injecting radioactive isotopes

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6
Q

RPS
Appointed?
Make sure?

A

Radiation protection supervisor
In practice
Following local rules and safety

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7
Q

RPA
Appointed?
Role?
Need?

A 
Radiation protection advisor
Externally
Set up local rules
Allocate boundaries for controlled area
Certificate of competence
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8
Q

Health and safety executive

A

Government agency

Regulate and enforce h&s

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9
Q

Service

A

Annually

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10
Q

Local rules

A

Actions to be followed

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11
Q 
Controlled area
Distance?
Symbol?
Primary beam
Scatter
A 
Where radiation exceeds a specified minimum
2m
Trefoil
Doubke brink 1mm
0.5mm
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12
Q

Dosimeter
2 types?
Sent off?
Sorted by?

A

Cumulative
Film badge - small blue film, contains small metallic filters
Thermoluminescent - radiation sensitive lithium floride crystals
1-3 months
RPA

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13
Q

Dose limits
Classified worker 18+
Classified worker 18-
Non-classified worker

A

Amount that is thought not to have any additional risk to the radiation experienced in life
20msv (30%)
6msv
1msv

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14
Q

PPE

X-ray if cracked

A

Gown
Thyroid protector
Sleeves 0.25

Gloves 0.35
Black lines

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15
Q 
Form of
Frequency... Wavelength..
Travel
Frequency =
Photos/quanta
Excitation
Ionization
A

Electromagnetic energy (gamma, x-ray, ultraviolet, vision, infared, microwave, radio)
High, short
Straight lines, same speed, diverging
Number of cycles /second
Individual particles
One orbit to another releasing photon
Frees an electron giving it kinetic energy

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16
Q 
Atom is?
Electron has same no as
E + P =
Ion
Radioactive =
A 
A basic unit involved in x-ray production
Protons =neural atom
Atomic no.
Atom with a charge
Unstable nucleus
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17
Q 
Plug
Step down transformer
Coiled filament
Cathode
Step up transformer
Focusing cup
Thermonic emission
Glass envelope
Anode
Target area
1%
99%
A 
240v
Lowers current
In cathode, made of tungsten
- charge
V - kv (40-100)
- charge, direct electrons to anode
Cloud of electrons
Vaccum
\+ charge, copper
Tungsten (high melting point, atomic no. And good mechanical properties)
3mm and 20°c.
Photos
Heat
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18
Q

Target area

2 types?

A 
Bremsstrahlung/continuous 
Breaking radiation 
Bend around nucleus 
Characteristic
Hit Electron on inner shell and drops
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19
Q

Focal spot
Actual and effective
Small filament
Larger filament

A

TA and patient
Fine focus
Broad focus (penumbra effect)

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20
Q

Penumbra effect
Caused by?
Ideal focal spot?
Larger filament causes?

A

Focal spot
Pin point
Shadowing

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21
Q

Aluminium window filter size

A

2.5mm

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22
Q

Primary beam
Shouldn’t be larger than what?
Reducing scatter

A 
Cassette
Tight collimation
Compression of larger areas of tissue
Reduce kv (<70)
Lead topped tables
Rotate staff
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23
Q 
Reducing exposure risk
Grids
Placed?
Made of?
Used to?
Used for tissue above?
Main purpose
A 
On top of cassette
Aluminium outer shell, strips of lead, radiolucent interspace (aluminium)
Filter scatter
10cm (15cm chest)
Protect image
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24
Q 
Parallel grid
Focused grid
Pseudo-focused
Crossed grids
Potter bucky diaphragm
A

Linear, parallel + vertical, reduce film quality (grid cut off)
Vertical and slope away, prevent grid cut off
Mixture of 1+2, parallel but tapered
Crossed parallel
Moving

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25
Q

Volt
Ampere
Watt

A

Power needed to maintain 1 amp
Electrical current
1 watt to maintain 1 amp

26
Q

Line voltage compensator

A

Fluctuations in mains electricity output

27
Q 
Kilovoltage
It?
Effects?
Flat film / lack contrast
Soot and white wash / too high contrast
A

Sets potential difference
Quality and penetrating power (speed)
High kv
Low kv

28
Q

Milli amperage
Effects?
Ma + s tells us?
Timer

A

Quanitity
Total quantity of x-ray photos emitted
Higher ma = less exposure time (reduce blur)

29
Q

Contrast
Long /low contrast
Short/high contrast
Depends on?

A 
Difference in densities between adjacent areas
Lots of grey small black and white
White on a black background
Kv
Type of film
Film fogging
Use of contrast medium
Tissue density, shape
30
Q

Density

Depends on

A

Degree of blackness

Mas

31
Q

10kv rule

Affects?

A

10kv increase : halve MaS

Contrast

32
Q

Ma and time

A

Triangle

33
Q

Film focal distance
Affects
Normal distance

A

Distance between tube head and cassette
Beam intensity (density)
FFD doubled x mas by 4
75cm

34
Q

Grid factor
Disadvantage
Depends on?

A

Old mas x GF = new mas
Increase mas
Ratio, number of lines/cm, thickness of lines

35
Q

Films
What it does?
Make up?
Classification of film emulsion?

A

Record image produced by differential absorptions
Polyester base (supports emulsion, 0.18mm)
Substratum (sticky, prevents dye cross over)
Emulsion (suspension of light sensitive salts in a Gelatine binder)
Supercoat (protection, hardened gelatine)

Monochromatic (blue light emitting intensifting screens, red/amber)
Orthochromatic (blue/green, red)

36
Q

Types of grain?
Grains are?
Globulin grain
Tabular grain

A

Individual crystals of light sensitive substance in gelatin
Fine grain - detail, low speed, longer exposure time
Large grain - grainy, faster
Most effective against green light

37
Q

Latitude

A

Films ability to produce shades of grey

38
Q

Speed

A

Sensitivity to light / radiation

39
Q

Film is sensitve to

A 
Light
Heat
Radiation
Moisture
Chemicals
Pressure
40
Q

Non screen film
Made of?
Used for?

Screen film

A

Without intensifying screen
Envelope in light proof paper
Thick emulsion layer
Dentals - higher contrast, slower speed

With intensifying screen

41
Q 
Intensifying screen
Converts photons into?
Blue intensifying screen
Green
Construction
Dirty?
A 
Fit casette, sandwich film
95% Light (15-20% more effective) (reduces exposure)
Calcium tungstate
Rare earth phosphorus 
Base (support)
Reflective/absorption (reflect Flash)
Substratum (cardboard base)
Phosphor layer (crystals in polyurethane binder, create flash)
Super coat (protect)
Small white marks on film
42
Q 
Casette
Contains?
Close contact or result in
Radiolucent front
Use to clean
Damage to phosphor layer
A

Film and screen
Blur
Antistatic cleaner weekly (branched black lines)
Unexposure white marks

43
Q 
Positive contrast media
Uses elements of
Insoluble barium sulphate
     Is a?
     Used for?
     Bips
Water soluble iodine agents
     Ionic
       Osmotic pressure?
       Causes?
       Product?
    Non-ionic
       Osmotic pressure?
       Product?
A

High atomic number which increases absorption (radiopaque/white)
White chalky substance
GI studies (Insoluble/inert)
Barium impregnated polyethelene sphere

Higher
Hypotension, damage brain, heart kidneys
Conray - bladder

Lower
Omnipaque (iv, myelography, perforation)

44
Q

Negative contrast media
Uses?
Low density
Gases?

A

Gas
Radiolucent (black)
Room air, o2, co2, nitrous oxide

45
Q

Double contrast

Patient prep

A

Cystography
Gastrography

Starve for 12-24 hours

46
Q

Urethrography

A

Retrograde

47
Q

Angiography

A

Pheripheral artery vein

48
Q

Angiocardiography

A

Congenial heart defect

49
Q

Fistulography

A

Veins, blood vessels

50
Q

Fluroscopy

A

Continous x-ray taking

51
Q 
Computerised tomography
Uses?
Tissue contrast is?
Grey scale described as?
Detect?
A

X-rays
Greater (fluid, solid tissue distinguished)
Hounsfield units (3000- - 1000)
Oesteolysis, brain images, spinal vertebrae, thoracix metastasis, fractures, guided biopsy

52
Q 
Gamma scintigraphy
Uses?
Governed by?
1 liscences for
Requires?
Used for?
Radionuclide
Radiopharmaceuticals
Half life
Isolate for
A

Radioactive isotopes (iv injection)
Radioactive substances act 1993
Use and disposal
Protocol for attire, local rules
Thyroid gland, bone, brain blood flow, kidney and liver function
Atom disintegrates emitting gamma radiation
Medicinal product
Time take for med to decay to half original value
24 hours

53
Q

Magnetic resonance imaging
Uses?
Emitted signals detected by
Used for?

A

Magnetism and radiowaves
Rf coil
Soft tissue and bone (nervous system + brain)

54
Q 
Kennel club info
Opaque positioning aid
Elbow? 
Min age
Nomenclature
Positioning
A 
Number, date, microchip no.
Sandbag
110° 45°
1yr 
Primary beam entry to exit
55
Q 
Manual processing
Development
Main ingredient?
Reduction
Exposure time?
Temperature
Solution is ... and maintained by
Restrainer reduces?
A 
Phenidone/metol-hydroquinone
Exposed silver bromide converted into grains of black metallic silver
3-5 minutes (dark if over)
20°
Alkaline (buffer + accelerator)
Fog
56
Q

Manual processing
Rinsing
Time?

A

10 seconds

57
Q 
Manual processing
Fixing
Main ingredient?
Ph?
Clearing?
Fixing time
Temp
Safely switched on after
Tanning
A 
Sodium/ammonium thiosulphate
Acidic
Dissolves unexposed silver halide crystals (milky white until complete)
20 minutes (double time of clearing 10) 
Not over 21°
30 seconds
Hardens the film emulsion
Buffer, preservative
58
Q

Manual processing
Washing
If to quick goes
Time?

A

Yellow-brown

15-30

59
Q

Automatic processing
Temp?
Doesn’t have?
Warm up period?

A

28°
Stop bath /rinse stage
10-20 minutes

60
Q 
Ultrasonography
Doesn't penetrate?
Right lateral?
Coupling gel left on for
Area of observation
B-mode
M-mode
High frequency
Low frequency
Crystals in transducer know as?
Transducer
   Linear array
   Sector scanner
   Phased array
Echogenicity
Anechoic
Hypoechoic
Hyperechoic
A 
Bone
Heart
5 minutes
Acoustic window
Brightness - normal
Movement - motion of heart
Better image, lower penetration
Poor image, higher penetration
Piezoelectric effect
Rectangular image - larger animals
Triangle - deep tissue
Change in Brightness
Black
Dark
Bright
61
Q 
Endoscopy
Is a?
Gastroduodenoscopy
Colonscopy
Tracheobroncoscopy
Rhinoscopy
Urethroscopy
Otoscopy
Tracheoscopy
Vaginoscopy
Urethrocystoscopy
Laproscopy
Thoracoscopy
Arthroscopy
Get sample with
Tissue sample use
Broncoscopy time
A 
Optical device
Left lateral, flexible
Rigid, flexible
Sternal, flexible
Sternal, rigid
Lateral, flexible, rigid
Rigid
Rigid
Rigid
Sternal, rigid, flexible
Abdo, dorsal, lateral, both
Dorsal, both
Rigid
Guarded brushes
Biopsy punch
30-50 seconds to limit hypoxia
62
Q

View radiographs
Use a?
Compared to
Teleradiology

A

Viewing box
Walnut
Transmission of digital images for referral

Radiography (1 decks)

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