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UM - MSK > Radiographs & Other Medical Imaging > Flashcards

Radiographs & Other Medical Imaging Flashcards

1
Q

What do PTs look at x-rays for

A

Body alignment

fracture configuration

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2
Q

X-ray wavelength to energy relationship

A

indirect

shorter wavelength = higher E and greater penetration of dense substances

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3
Q

What is needed to produce a radiograph?

A

X-ray beam source
patient
x ray film/image receptor

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4
Q

T or F: X ray film cassettes have many layers

A

True - as the x-ray passes through it forms the image w/cassette at the bottom

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5
Q

How does the x-ray tube work

A

It is a cathode and anode enclosed in glass envelope to maintain a vacuum w/electrodes driven from cathode to strike the anode to create the x-rays via energy consumption

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6
Q

Define attenuation

A

gradual loss of intensity as a result of passing through a medium (human body)

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7
Q

How is a radiograph made?

A

Current beamed through shutteres through the body to undergo attenuation, it is absorbed by the body and then the x-ray is sensitive to light and radiation and chem rxn occurs causing the image to be produced w/final radiodensity represented

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8
Q

What is radiodensity?

A

The amount of blackening on the radiograph determined by atomic weight and thickness of an object

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9
Q

What is radiolucent?

A

Black on x-ray due to not absorbing much radiation

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10
Q

What is radiopaque?

A

white on x-ray due to absorption of radiation

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11
Q

What is the density of tissues from radiolucent to radiopaque?

A 
Black (radiolucent)
- air
- fat
- water
- soft tissue
- bone
- heavy metals
White (radiopaque)
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12
Q

relationship of thickness and radiodensity

A

more thick = more radiopaque

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13
Q

T or F: Enough info is received from a 2D radiograph

A

FALSE! need to take two projections at 90 deg from eo

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14
Q

What are the main body positions for getting an x-ray?

A

AP (source from top w/cassette underneath person)
Lateral
Oblique

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15
Q

What structures are seen well w/PA approach (x-ray)?

A

The lungs

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16
Q

What structures are seen well w/AP approach(x-ray)?

A

Spinal structures

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17
Q

When do you use a tangential or “sunrise” x-ray?

A

patella view

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18
Q

What is important to know when looking at an x-ray?

A
  • you are the x-ray beam
  • consider anatomy
  • closer to film = more accurate picture
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19
Q

what kind of markers are on an x-ray?

A
  • Pt ID
  • Anatomical Side
  • INT or EXT
  • WB/NWB
  • erect or decubitus (laying)
  • INSP or EXP
  • radiographers initials
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20
Q

What is the general rule for contrast?

A

Use the highest kVp (Energy) and lowest mA (miliamperage) to yield the best diagnostic info necessary for pt intervention

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21
Q

What is the primary controlling factor for detail?

A

Motion!

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22
Q

What factors can blur an x-ray

A
  • MOTION
  • beam source diameter
  • distance b/t source and film
  • distance b/t beam and pt
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23
Q

What is the distortion of radiographs and causes?

A 
30% larger than actual structure and can be enlargement elongation or shortening from:
beam
pt
film
alignment
position of the central ray
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24
Q

What is enlargment

A

Distortion of x-ray bc the beam ray is too wide or the patient is too close

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25
Q

What is elongation/foreshortening

A

Distortion of x-ray from it being on an incline and not hitting the tissue evenly

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26
Q

What is superimposition?

A

When anatomic structures are stacked the x-ray must penetrate multiple structures which may create artificial lines, shapes, and foms

27
Q

What are the ABCD’S of radiographs?

A 
Alignment
Bone Density
Cartilage Space
Disc Space
Soft Tissue
28
Q

What is the A of ABCD’S (x-ray)

A

Alignment

- look at general structural arcitecture and contour of bone as well as the alignment of bone relative to adjacent bones

29
Q

What is the B of ABCD’S (x-ray)

A

Bone Density

  • general bone density, local bone density changes, and texture abnormalities
  • more grey = possible fracture
30
Q

What is the C of ABCD’s (x-ray)

A

Cartilage Space

  • joint space width
  • subchondral bone
  • epiphyseal plates
  • uniform distance
31
Q

What is the D of ABCD’s (x-ray)

A

Disc Space (for vertebrae)

32
Q

What is the S of ABCD’S (x-ray)

A

Soft Tissue

  • mm
  • fat pads
  • joint capsules
  • periosteum
  • other
33
Q

What are contrast-enhanced radiographs?

A

Medium injected or ingested to improve visualization in areas w/low contrast that can be radiolucent or radiopaque

34
Q

What is the main difference b/t computed radiography and traditional x-ray?

A

It uses a phosphor imaging plate that stores the radiation level, is scanned in, which is then converted into an electric signal that can be viewed as an image

35
Q

Advantages of CR

A
  • less expensive
  • no silver-based film (more environmentally safe)
  • easier to store
  • faster acquisition
  • can adjust exposure
36
Q

Disadvantages of CR

A
  • requires handling & can be erased if exposed to fluorescent light
  • very expensive
  • geometric sharpness less than conventional
  • lower resolutoin
37
Q

What is the main difference of Digital Radiography and x-ray

A

Does not use a processing agent but a digital receptor

38
Q

What are the advantages of DR

A
  • manipulate acquired image to produce alternatives (contrast and brightness)
  • spatial resolution can be maximized
  • can use subtraction technique to isolate what you want
39
Q

What are disadvantages of DR

A
  • expose to more x-ray than necessary

- not as affordable as a CR system, higher costs because the existing systems

40
Q

What is tomography?

A

An x-ray tube and the film move about a fulcrum so that just a specific plane or slice of the body is in focus (where they overlap) w/all else blurred computerized or conventional

41
Q

What are the advantages of tomography?

A
  • can more clearly see fx of irregular shaped bones

- no superimposition and focused on what you want

42
Q

What are the disadvantages of tomography?

A
  • poor soft tissue detail
  • higher radiation doses
  • difficult to get exact plane/image esp w/trauma pts
43
Q

What is computed tomography?

A

A thin x-ray beam rotates around an area of the body to generate a full 3-D image of the internal structures

44
Q

What is CT the first choice for?

A

Serious trauma as it can view both bone and soft tissue injuries

45
Q

What are limitations of CT?

A
  • average volume effect (computer displays only one shade of grey even tho its multiple tissues)
  • similar exposure to x-ray
  • better in thinner pts
46
Q

CT is good for?

A
  • bone and soft tissue tumors
  • fx (and fragments)
  • intra-articular abnormalities
  • degen. changes of bone
  • mineral analysis
  • spinal stenosis
  • less time consuming and more cost effective than an MRI
47
Q

What are the components of fluroscopy?

A

X-ray tube
Image intensifier unit
Fluoroscopic carriage

48
Q

What are advantages and disadvantages of fluoroscopy?

A

Adv: patient is moving, low cost
Dis: radiation

49
Q

What are the components of an MRI?

A
  • radiofrequency signals
  • magnetic field
  • computer to capture proton energy reaction moving back to realignment
50
Q

What is the principal element used in an MRI?

A

Hydrogen (has a single proton) that lines up either parallel or anti-parallel to the magnetic field

51
Q

What is Te in a MRI?

A

Time to echo: time at which the signal is captured

52
Q

What is Tr in a MRI?

A

Time to repetition: time at which the RF is repeated which displaces the protons again

53
Q

What contributes to the image creation of an MRI?

A

Tissue relaxation properties, both T1 and T2 each characterized by the timing of events done during image acquisition

54
Q

What is a T1 image MRI?

A

Short TR and TE times

  • Fat = bright
  • water= dark
  • bone = dark
  • early signal
  • good for anatomy review
55
Q

What is a T2 image MRI?

A

Long TR and TE times

  • fat = dark
  • water = bright
  • bone = lighter
  • late signal
  • good for pathology
56
Q

Advantages of MRI

A
  • no radiation
  • greater ability to image brain and SC
  • ST eval of brain and body is superior
57
Q

Disadvantages of MRI

A
  • not as quick to admin as a CT scan
  • claustrophobia
  • any ferrous metal can be displaced
  • contraindicated w/pacemakers
58
Q

Diagnostic Ultrasound

A

Examines the effect of injury or disease on mm, ligaments, tendons

59
Q

Rehabilitative Ultrasound

A

Evaluates mm structure and behaviour and uses USI as a biofeedback mechanism that is aimed at improving neuromuscular function

60
Q

Define ultrasound

A

Sound w/a frequency greater than 20,000 Hz

61
Q

What is the piezoelectric effect?

A

Transducer collects reflected sound waves (echoes) and converts them back into electric signals

62
Q

How does US work?

A

It sends out sound waves and converts them into electric signals which are then converted to a digital image based upon the echo strength

63
Q

What is a MSK Diagnostic US

A

It looks at ligaments, tendons, nerves, mm, tumors, and foreign bodies

UM - MSK (9 decks)

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