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Exposures and Quality Control > Radiographic Film PP > Flashcards

Radiographic Film PP Flashcards

1
Q

What were the 1st images recorded on?

A

Glass

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2
Q

What type of film’s base was highly flammable?

A

Cellulose Nitrate

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3
Q

What is now the film base of choice?

A

Polyester

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4
Q

What is Remnant radiation?

A

Anything radiographically leaving the patient after attenuation interacting with the image receptor

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5
Q

What is another name for Remnant Radiation?

A

Exit Radiation

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6
Q

What are the image forming x-rays?

A

Remnant Radiation

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7
Q

How much energy deposited is from visible light?

A

99%

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8
Q

What happens when x-rays strike the intensifying screen?

A

x-ray energy is converted to visible light

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9
Q

What colors are film typically tinted?

A

Pale blue or blue-gray

to prevent eye strain

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10
Q

What are (3) components every film must have?

A

Must be:

  • Clear
  • Strong
  • Consistent
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11
Q

What side of the base can a photographic emulsion be on?

A

Can be on one side or both.

single or double emulsion

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12
Q

Why is there a protective overcoat layer on top of emulsion?

A

To prevent from scratching off image

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13
Q

What does the emulsion layer do?

A

Stores the image

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14
Q

What are the parts that construct the film?

A 
Supercoat
Emulsion
Adhesive
Base
Adhesive
Emulsion
Supercoat
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15
Q

What are some characteristics of the Base?

A
  • Transparent
  • Uniform thickness & color
  • Impermeable in water
  • Non-flammable
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16
Q

What is the function of the film base?

A
  • Support for emulsion layer

- Transmit light to view image

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17
Q

What is the emulsion later made of?

A

Gelatin

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18
Q

What does gelatin do for the emulsion layer?

A

Provides mechanical support

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19
Q

What is the function of the emulsion layer?

A
  • Heart of the x-ray

- Stores the latent image

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20
Q

What is the latent image?

A

Unseen image until processed

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21
Q

After processing, what does the latent image become?

A

Manifest image

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22
Q

Where does the formation of the latent image begin?

A

At the sensitivity specks

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23
Q

What is the Gurney-Mott Theory?

A
  1. Incident photon interacts with a silver halide
  2. Ejected electron is freed, may be attracted and trapped by sensitivity speck, giving it a (-) charge
  3. The (-) charged speck attracts a free silver ion
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24
Q

What are the (5) types of film?

A
  • Screen Film
  • Direct Exposure Film
  • Filmless Cassettes (RT-TAG Chip)
  • Special Application Film
  • Direct Digital
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25
Q

Which type of film has no filtering?

A

Direct Exposure

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26
Q

Which film will give you greater detail, but more patient dose?

A

Direct Exposure

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27
Q

What causes the grays and blacks on your film?

A

Where the Silver Halide crystals pop up

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28
Q

What determines how dark the Silver Halide crystals are?

A

Size
Shape
Distribution

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29
Q

What is resolution?

A

Detail

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30
Q

What kind of film would you choose to get high resolution?

A

A Thin emulsion layer with a small crystal size

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31
Q

An image that has high contrast is formed by…

A

Black and whites

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32
Q

An image that has low contrast is formed by what?

A

Scales of grey

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33
Q

The contrast of an IR is ________ _________ to it’s exposure latitude.

A

Inversely proportional

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34
Q

If an image has a narrow latitude, it has a…

A

High contrast

35
Q

If an image has a wide latitude, it has a…

A

Low contrast

36
Q

What determines the latitude of an image?

A

The size and distribution of the silver crystals

37
Q

What is a ghost image?

A

A retained image, that has not been erased

38
Q

How does film grain happen?

A

With improper:

  • Exposure factors
  • Magnification
  • Casting
  • Improper protocol
39
Q

What is film speed dependent on?

A
  • Sensitivity to x-rays and light
  • Type of crystals
  • Covering Power
40
Q

What is Covering Power?

A

The more efficient use of silver in the emulsion with less dose

41
Q

Current emulsions contain less silver, yet produce the same optical density per unit exposed. What is this called?

A

Covering Power

42
Q

What is the highest user of silver in the world?

A

Medical Imaging

43
Q

What is film latitude?

A

The range of exposure

*Wide vs. Narrow Latitude

44
Q

What is recorded detail?

A
  • High Resolution
  • Sharpness
  • It is inverse to film speed
45
Q

Can you have visibility without detail?

A

Yes

46
Q

What does crossover light cause?

A

Increased blurring on the image

47
Q

How does Screen Film Crossover happen?

A

Light is emitted from intensifying screen, exposing the adjacent emulsion

48
Q

What does the crossover layer do?

A
  • Absorbs most of the crossover light
  • Does not diffuse into the emulsion, but remains a separate layer
  • Completely removed during processing
49
Q

What can reduce or eliminate crossover?

A

The use of intensifying screens

50
Q

Why are films tinted different colors?

A

To reduce user fatigue

51
Q

A blue based film will emit what color glow when irradiated?

A

Blue

52
Q

What is the Reciprocity Law?

A
  • We can use different techniques and get the same optical density
  • You can use different mA and time as long as they equal the same mAs
53
Q

What filters are used with both green and blue sensitive film?

A

Red Filters

54
Q

What colored films are Amber filters use for?

A

Blue sensitive films

55
Q

What watt bulb should be used in the dark room?

A

15 watt

56
Q

How close should the bulb be from the work surface?

A

No closer than 5ft

57
Q

What are direct exposure films used for?

A

Higher detail

58
Q

How much does Direct Exposure Films increase patient dose?

A

10-100 times

59
Q

When was Direct Exposure used?

A

In Mammography until the early 1970’s

60
Q

Describe Direct Exposure Films:

A
  • Thick emulsion
  • Less sensitive to light
  • Cardboard cassette
  • Higher detail
61
Q

What kind of film was used by mammography?

A
  • Single emulsion

- Single intensifying screen

62
Q

What does C.A.D stand for?

A

Computer Aided Detection

63
Q

What type of dedicated film reduces cross-over and contains special dyes to reduce reflected light

A

Mammography Film

64
Q

What are the two types of laser film?

A

Wet & Dry

65
Q

What type of laser film has to go through a processor and needs a dark room?

A

Wet Film

66
Q

What type of laser film comes right out of the printer?

A

Dry Film

67
Q

What type of film allows for a greater tolerance for over and under exposure?

A

Filmless Cassettes

68
Q

What is an RF-TAG chip?

A

Allows patient demographics and examination date to be entered and linked to the image

69
Q

What are some considerations for film storage?

A
  • Temperature
  • Humidity
  • Light
  • Radiation
  • Shelf Life
  • Storage Position
  • Handling
70
Q

What is the #1 Error when handling and storage of film?

A

Exposing the film bin

71
Q

What can result from improper handling of film?

A
  • Poor Radiographs
  • Improper processor maintenance
  • Artifacts
    • Rough Handling
    • Sharp Objects
    • Lotion
    • Creasing/ Bending
72
Q

What does heat and humidity result in?

A

A loss in contrast

73
Q

What is the optimal storage for film?

A

Cool dry place @ 50°

74
Q

Test

How do you get longer life out of your film?

A

By putting it in the refrigerator

75
Q

Where must film be stored and handled?

A

In the dark

76
Q

What would happen if bright light exposes or partially exposes film?

A

Artifacts are produced

77
Q

Are films sensitive to radiation?

A

Yes

78
Q

What is film fog?

A

Unintended optical density that reduces contrast

79
Q

How do you store film?

A

On edge and rotate

80
Q

What happens if you store films flat?

A

They stick together

81
Q

What is the average storage time of film?

A

45 days

82
Q

How long are mammo films kept?

A

For the life of the patient

83
Q

How long are pediatric films kept?

A

Until they are adults

84
Q

How long are radiographic films kept?

A

5-7 years depending on the state. Typically 7 years.

Exposures and Quality Control (3 decks)

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