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Radiographic Film > Radiographic Film > Flashcards

Radiographic Film Flashcards

1
Q

4 types of Image Receptors (IR)

A

film, CR, DR, fluoroscopy

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2
Q

primary beam

A

beam from the tube before it hits the part

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3
Q

exit beam (useful beam)

A

beam left over after traveling through the part

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4
Q

aerial image

A

information about the part, contained in the exit beam, between part and film

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5
Q

latent (invisible) image

A

image on film prior to processing

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6
Q

2 main parts of the film

A

base, emulsion

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7
Q

base

A

provides rigid structure to apply the emulsion. must be flexible, unbreakable, able to hold shape during processing (dimensional stability), uniform lucency. blue dye added to decrease eye strain, improve contrast, and have less light spread.

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8
Q

4 types of bases

A

glass plate, cellulose nitrate, cellulose triacetate, polyester plastic

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9
Q

glass plate

A

broke

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10
Q

cellulose nitrate

A

flammable

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11
Q

cellulose triacetate

A

“safety film”

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12
Q

polyester plastic

A

what is used today

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13
Q

emulsion

A

main part of film, does all the work, made of gelatin and silver halide crystals

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14
Q

gelatin

A

high quality, clear to transmit light, porous to allow processing chemicals to penetrate, provides mechanical support of crystals

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15
Q

emulsion ingredients

A

silver halide crystals

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16
Q

silver halide crystals made of

A

95% silver bromide, 5% silver iodide

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17
Q

sensitivity speck (latent image formation)

A

an imperfection (contaminant of silver sulfide or sulfur)

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18
Q

digestion

A

heating the emulsion to 50-80 degrees C to improve sensitivity

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19
Q

radiologic latent image

A

invisible image

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20
Q

radiographic manifest image

A

visible image

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21
Q

black and white

A

high contrast, increased contrast, short scale of contrast, lower KV, steep slope

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22
Q

black, grays, and white

A

low contrast, decreased contrast, long scale contrast, higher KV, flat slope

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23
Q

useful density range

A

.45-2.2 mAs

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24
Q

base + fog

A

.2 mR

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25
3 main properties of film
speed, contrast, resolution
26
speed (sensitivity)
how well film responds to radiation (faster speed = responds better)
27
contrast (exposure causes darkness on films)
how well film records a range of densities (lower contrast = more grays) (higher contrast = less grays)
28
resolution
how sharp the image is that the film records (fast film = not so sharp) (slow film = super sharp)
29
1 factor for speed
of sensitivity specks, # of crystals, size of crystals, concentration of crystals
30
latent image formation
done with photoelectric effect primarily
31
photographic effect
creating an image primarily with exposure to light (screens)
32
latent image formation
silver halide crystal is converted to black metallic silver (must have a sensitivity speck)
33
types of radiographic film
screen film, direct exposure film, specialty fims
34
screen film
must be used with intensifying screens (sensitive to light, decreased patient dose, faster film type, decreased sharpness)
35
direct exposure film (non-screen film)
uses direct action of x-ray only (sensitive to x-ray, biggest patient dose, slowest film type, super sharp, best resolution)
36
specialty films
video, duplicating, subtracting (not common), roll film, dental (direct exposure)
37
screen film
most widely used, sensitive to light from screen only, 98% of image made from direct action of light
38
3 characteristics of radiographic film
speed, contrast, latitude
39
speed / sensitivity
ability to respond to x-ray or light, faster speeds require less x-ray, better for patient
40
contrast
variations in density, tonal range displayed by the film, can be high or low contrast
41
latitude
range of technical factors which can be used to produce an acceptable radiograph, always inverse to contrast
42
latitude
high contrast = low latitude | low contrast = high latitude
43
high latitude (low contrast)
can use a variety of different techniques
44
low latitude (high contrast)
can only use 1 technique
45
low contrast
used for breasts and abdomens
46
high contrast
used for chests and hands
47
high KV
more grays, more scatter
48
densitometer
tool used for measuring density
49
3 names for the tool used for measuring film characteristics
sensitometric curve, H & D curve (Hurter and Driffield), characteristic curve
50
sensitometric curve, H & D curve (Hurter and Driffield), characteristic curve
measures speed, contrast, latitude
51
characteristic curve parts
toe of curve, shoulder, slope/average gradient, density axis, exposure axis
52
toe of curve
underexposed (light)
53
shoulder
overexposed (dark)
54
average gradient
useful density range
55
fastest film
always to the left side of the curve
56
base + fog
measurement (no exposure from radiation + any fog) = .2mR
57
darker
lower contrast, higher density
58
where is speed/sensitivity found on the H & D curve
found at a density of 1, fastest film is always farthest to the left, needs least amount of radiation
59
where is contrast found on the H & D curve
the slope of the curve shows contrast, the steeper the slope = higher contrast (very black and white), contrast is always inverse to latitude
60
where is latitude found on the H & D curve
the slope of the curve also shows latitude, but on the exposure axis, steeper slope = less latitude
61
spectral matching
matching the light sensitivity of the film to the proper color of light coming from the screen
62
spectral matching
blue-sensitive, orthochromatic (sensitive to yellow-green light, most common), panchromatic (sensitive to all colors), laser (sensitive to red light) speed decreases and patient exposure increases if not matched properly
63
safelight usage
blue-sensitive (amber, red), orthochromatic (red), panchromatic (none), laser (none, amber)
64
direct exposure film (non-screen film)
uses 100% x-ray (high contrast),does not respond to light, used for thin parts with high subject contrast, thick 1 sided emulsion, very slow system, very high patient dose, very fine detail, use a cardboard holder, not used today
65
specialty film
duplicating film, subtraction film
66
duplicating film
used to copy radiographs, single emulsion, exposed to ultraviolet light
67
subtraction film
removes anatomy that is common to 2 different films (unsuperimposes anatomy), single emulsion
68
specialty film (roll film)
cine, spot film, dental film
69
cine
16 & 35 mm, viewed on a projector, perceived image better with 35 mm but higher patient dose due to larger size, need special processor
70
spot film
70 & 105 mm, viewed on regular view box, regular processor
71
dental film
double emulsion, no screens
72
handling and storage
improper handling leads to artifacts, heat reduces contrast and increases fog, humidity reduces contrast and increases fog, light exposure, radiation exposure, shelf life
73
improper handling leads to artifacts
pressure marks, creasing, static, dirt on hands or work area
74
heat reduces contrast and increases fog
store at 68 degrees F (20 degrees C), increased density = darker, decreased contrast = gray
75
humidity reduces contrast and increases fog
cool and dry is best, 40-60% humidity, under 40% = static
76
light exposure
not before processing, increased fog
77
radiation exposure
as little as .2mR = fog, decreased contrast
78
shelf life
use before expiration (45 days), aging = decreased speed, decreased contrast, increased fog, store on edge to prevent pressure marks, rotate stock
79
cardboard holder
used with direct exposure film only, very radiolucent, low Z#, light-tight
80
cassette
rigid holder for film front cover = carbon fiber or plastic or bakelite, low Z#, thin, sturdy, front screen attached with felt/rubber between for good film-screen contact film between back cover = heavy metal/high Z# to absorb backscatter, back screen attached with felt/rubber between for good film-screen contact

Radiographic Film (1 decks)

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