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Radiographic Film > Radiographic Film > Flashcards

Radiographic Film Flashcards

1
Q

4 types of Image Receptors (IR)

A

film, CR, DR, fluoroscopy

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2
Q

primary beam

A

beam from the tube before it hits the part

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3
Q

exit beam (useful beam)

A

beam left over after traveling through the part

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4
Q

aerial image

A

information about the part, contained in the exit beam, between part and film

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5
Q

latent (invisible) image

A

image on film prior to processing

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6
Q

2 main parts of the film

A

base, emulsion

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7
Q

base

A

provides rigid structure to apply the emulsion. must be flexible, unbreakable, able to hold shape during processing (dimensional stability), uniform lucency. blue dye added to decrease eye strain, improve contrast, and have less light spread.

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8
Q

4 types of bases

A

glass plate, cellulose nitrate, cellulose triacetate, polyester plastic

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9
Q

glass plate

A

broke

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10
Q

cellulose nitrate

A

flammable

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11
Q

cellulose triacetate

A

“safety film”

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12
Q

polyester plastic

A

what is used today

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13
Q

emulsion

A

main part of film, does all the work, made of gelatin and silver halide crystals

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14
Q

gelatin

A

high quality, clear to transmit light, porous to allow processing chemicals to penetrate, provides mechanical support of crystals

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15
Q

emulsion ingredients

A

silver halide crystals

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16
Q

silver halide crystals made of

A

95% silver bromide, 5% silver iodide

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17
Q

sensitivity speck (latent image formation)

A

an imperfection (contaminant of silver sulfide or sulfur)

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18
Q

digestion

A

heating the emulsion to 50-80 degrees C to improve sensitivity

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19
Q

radiologic latent image

A

invisible image

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20
Q

radiographic manifest image

A

visible image

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21
Q

black and white

A

high contrast, increased contrast, short scale of contrast, lower KV, steep slope

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22
Q

black, grays, and white

A

low contrast, decreased contrast, long scale contrast, higher KV, flat slope

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23
Q

useful density range

A

.45-2.2 mAs

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24
Q

base + fog

A

.2 mR

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25
Q

3 main properties of film

A

speed, contrast, resolution

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26
Q

speed (sensitivity)

A

how well film responds to radiation (faster speed = responds better)

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27
Q

contrast (exposure causes darkness on films)

A

how well film records a range of densities (lower contrast = more grays) (higher contrast = less grays)

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28
Q

resolution

A

how sharp the image is that the film records (fast film = not so sharp) (slow film = super sharp)

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29
Q

1 factor for speed

A

of sensitivity specks, # of crystals, size of crystals, concentration of crystals

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30
Q

latent image formation

A

done with photoelectric effect primarily

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31
Q

photographic effect

A

creating an image primarily with exposure to light (screens)

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32
Q

latent image formation

A

silver halide crystal is converted to black metallic silver (must have a sensitivity speck)

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33
Q

types of radiographic film

A

screen film, direct exposure film, specialty fims

34
Q

screen film

A

must be used with intensifying screens (sensitive to light, decreased patient dose, faster film type, decreased sharpness)

35
Q

direct exposure film (non-screen film)

A

uses direct action of x-ray only (sensitive to x-ray, biggest patient dose, slowest film type, super sharp, best resolution)

36
Q

specialty films

A

video, duplicating, subtracting (not common), roll film, dental (direct exposure)

37
Q

screen film

A

most widely used, sensitive to light from screen only, 98% of image made from direct action of light

38
Q

3 characteristics of radiographic film

A

speed, contrast, latitude

39
Q

speed / sensitivity

A

ability to respond to x-ray or light, faster speeds require less x-ray, better for patient

40
Q

contrast

A

variations in density, tonal range displayed by the film, can be high or low contrast

41
Q

latitude

A

range of technical factors which can be used to produce an acceptable radiograph, always inverse to contrast

42
Q

latitude

A

high contrast = low latitude

low contrast = high latitude

43
Q

high latitude (low contrast)

A

can use a variety of different techniques

44
Q

low latitude (high contrast)

A

can only use 1 technique

45
Q

low contrast

A

used for breasts and abdomens

46
Q

high contrast

A

used for chests and hands

47
Q

high KV

A

more grays, more scatter

48
Q

densitometer

A

tool used for measuring density

49
Q

3 names for the tool used for measuring film characteristics

A

sensitometric curve, H & D curve (Hurter and Driffield), characteristic curve

50
Q

sensitometric curve, H & D curve (Hurter and Driffield), characteristic curve

A

measures speed, contrast, latitude

51
Q

characteristic curve parts

A

toe of curve, shoulder, slope/average gradient, density axis, exposure axis

52
Q

toe of curve

A

underexposed (light)

53
Q

shoulder

A

overexposed (dark)

54
Q

average gradient

A

useful density range

55
Q

fastest film

A

always to the left side of the curve

56
Q

base + fog

A

measurement (no exposure from radiation + any fog) = .2mR

57
Q

darker

A

lower contrast, higher density

58
Q

where is speed/sensitivity found on the H & D curve

A

found at a density of 1, fastest film is always farthest to the left, needs least amount of radiation

59
Q

where is contrast found on the H & D curve

A

the slope of the curve shows contrast, the steeper the slope = higher contrast (very black and white), contrast is always inverse to latitude

60
Q

where is latitude found on the H & D curve

A

the slope of the curve also shows latitude, but on the exposure axis, steeper slope = less latitude

61
Q

spectral matching

A

matching the light sensitivity of the film to the proper color of light coming from the screen

62
Q

spectral matching

A

blue-sensitive, orthochromatic (sensitive to yellow-green light, most common), panchromatic (sensitive to all colors), laser (sensitive to red light)
speed decreases and patient exposure increases if not matched properly

63
Q

safelight usage

A

blue-sensitive (amber, red), orthochromatic (red), panchromatic (none), laser (none, amber)

64
Q

direct exposure film (non-screen film)

A

uses 100% x-ray (high contrast),does not respond to light, used for thin parts with high subject contrast, thick 1 sided emulsion, very slow system, very high patient dose, very fine detail, use a cardboard holder, not used today

65
Q

specialty film

A

duplicating film, subtraction film

66
Q

duplicating film

A

used to copy radiographs, single emulsion, exposed to ultraviolet light

67
Q

subtraction film

A

removes anatomy that is common to 2 different films (unsuperimposes anatomy), single emulsion

68
Q

specialty film (roll film)

A

cine, spot film, dental film

69
Q

cine

A

16 & 35 mm, viewed on a projector, perceived image better with 35 mm but higher patient dose due to larger size, need special processor

70
Q

spot film

A

70 & 105 mm, viewed on regular view box, regular processor

71
Q

dental film

A

double emulsion, no screens

72
Q

handling and storage

A

improper handling leads to artifacts, heat reduces contrast and increases fog, humidity reduces contrast and increases fog, light exposure, radiation exposure, shelf life

73
Q

improper handling leads to artifacts

A

pressure marks, creasing, static, dirt on hands or work area

74
Q

heat reduces contrast and increases fog

A

store at 68 degrees F (20 degrees C), increased density = darker, decreased contrast = gray

75
Q

humidity reduces contrast and increases fog

A

cool and dry is best, 40-60% humidity, under 40% = static

76
Q

light exposure

A

not before processing, increased fog

77
Q

radiation exposure

A

as little as .2mR = fog, decreased contrast

78
Q

shelf life

A

use before expiration (45 days), aging = decreased speed, decreased contrast, increased fog, store on edge to prevent pressure marks, rotate stock

79
Q

cardboard holder

A

used with direct exposure film only, very radiolucent, low Z#, light-tight

80
Q

cassette

A

rigid holder for film
front cover = carbon fiber or plastic or bakelite, low Z#, thin, sturdy, front screen attached with felt/rubber between for good film-screen contact
film between
back cover = heavy metal/high Z# to absorb backscatter, back screen attached with felt/rubber between for good film-screen contact

Radiographic Film (1 decks)

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