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RT 210 > Radiographic Film > Flashcards

Radiographic Film Flashcards

1
Q

Is to record and store a permanent anatomical image

A

Film Function

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2
Q

The radiographic image is a ——-

A

negative image

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3
Q

Medical images are most often displayed on a ____

A

viewbox

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4
Q

Layers of Conventional Radiographic Film

A
  1. Base
  2. Adhesive Layer
  3. Emulsion
  4. Protective Layer
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5
Q

Layers of a Dual Emulsion Film

A
  • Protective coating (gelatin)
  • Emulsion (silver halide)
  • Adhesive
  • Flexible base material
  • Adhesive
  • Emulsion (silver halide)
  • Protective coating (gelatin)
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6
Q

used in mammography, some extremity radiography, camera-produced images and laser-produced images

A

Single-emulsion films

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7
Q

made of polyester and gives the film stability, functions to support both emulsions and their protective layers

A

Base

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8
Q

is added to most radiographic film bases to reduce glare and crossover

A

A blue dye

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9
Q

prevents the emulsion from seperating from the base (when the film is immersed in the processing chemicals of an automatic processor, the emulsion swells and contracts)

A

Adhesive (Substratum) Layer

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10
Q

Is the most important part of the radiographic film because it is the recording medium for the diagnostic image

A

Emulsion

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11
Q

The emulsion is composed of ———- and ———- randomly dispersed and suspended in gelatin substance

A
  • silver halide crystals
  • silver iodide
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12
Q

is the most commonly used halide in radiographic film because of its sensitivity to the colors of light emitted from screens and to x-radiation

A

Silver bromide

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13
Q

Modern radiographic film emulsions contain

A

tabular grain (T-grain) silver halide crystals

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14
Q

are superior to the types of crystals used previously in that they are flat and can be more evenly distributed

A

T-grain crystals

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15
Q

T-grain crystals’ improved distribution has eliminated?

which gives the image an undesirable grainy appearance

A

Structure mottle

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16
Q

is the preferred suspending medium for the crystals

A

Gelatin

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17
Q

Gelatin is the preferred suspending medium because ?

A

it swells when placed in the develop solution

the swelling allows chemicals to penetrate

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18
Q

The size and distribution of the silver bromide crystals influences 3 film factors

A

Speed, contrast and Detail

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19
Q

The larger the crystal sizes

A

the faster the film speed

creates density

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20
Q

The distribution of the crystals within the gelatin affects

A

image contrast and structure mottle.

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21
Q

the most common type of film used in
conventional radiography.

A

dual-emulsion or duplitized
film

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22
Q

Light produced in 1 screen will not only expose its adjacent emulsion but also may traverse the film base and expose the opposite emulsion.

A

crossover, or crosstalk.

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23
Q

reduces the distance between the emulsion layers, thereby reducing the divergence of the light.

A

A thin base

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24
Q

When the x-ray tube is angled to project the anatomical
information onto the film, information is recorded on
both emulsions, but not directly superimposed, as it
would be if the x-ray tube were not angled.

A

parallax effect.

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25
Q

Films are classified according to the

A

spectral sensitivity
of their emulsions.

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26
Q

Films that are sensitive to all colors

A

Panchromatic

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27
Q

Films that are sensitive to all colors, except red,

A

orthochromatic

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28
Q

also called supercoating.
Protect the emulsion from scratches and harmful agents
prevents static discharge, and prevents glare when the
radiographic image is being viewed.

A

Protective Layer

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29
Q

most commonly used film in medical
radiography.

A

Screen film

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30
Q

Most radiographic film is either

A

blue-sensitive or green-
sensitive.

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31
Q

is sensitive to blue, violet and
ultraviolet light.

A

Blue-sensitive film

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32
Q

is very sensitive to green, blue,
violet and ultraviolet light.

A

Green-sensitive film

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33
Q

also called direct-exposure film.
No Intensifying Screens are used with this type of film.

A

Nonscreen Film

34
Q

Nonscreen film is most commonly used for

A

Industrial
radiography and some dental radiography.

35
Q

are single-emulsion & are exposed by different sources of light energy to record medical images.

A

Special Application Film

36
Q

*One unique characteristic of single-emulsion film is

A

anti-halation layer

37
Q

is composed of a dye, & prevents light from reflecting back toward the emulsion after it traverse the emulsion and base.

A

Anti-halation layer

38
Q

a prehardened gelatin layer, is added to the adhesive (substratum) layer on the side adjacent to the base.

A

anti-curl layer

39
Q

Has only 1 emulsion and is used with single-screen cassettes.

Resolution of extremely small breast lesions is of critical importance in early cancer detection.

A

Mammography Film

40
Q

are used in photographic cameras attached to fluoroscopic image intensifiers.
They are directly exposed by reflected light coming from the output phosphor of the image intensifier.

A

Spot Films

41
Q

propel the film and continuously present
unexposed sections (frames) for sequential photographic recording of the fluoroscopic images.

A

Sprocket teeth

42
Q

It is a roll-type, single-emulsion film with sprocket holes along its edges, constructed and functioning similar to roll-type spot film.

is used in cinefluorography, mainly during cardiac catheterization procedures, and in some other angiographic procedures.

A

Cine Film

43
Q

is a single-emulsion film used in special
imaging laser printers.

A

Laser Film

44
Q

is a single-emulsion film designed to be sensitive to the color of light emitted by most cathode ray tubes (CRT) or television Monitors.

A

Video Film

45
Q

is a single-emulsion film designed to be sensitive to the color of light emitted by most cathode ray tubes (CRT) or television Monitors.

A

Video Film

46
Q

Is a single-emulsion and is pre-exposed to a certain
intensity of light by the manufacturer.

A

Duplication Film

47
Q

The additional exposure (in excess of the exposure received from the manufacturer) reverses the response of the duplication film through a process

A

solarization

48
Q

is a single-emulsion film, designed similar to conventional radiographic film.
Used to produce an image that is void of bony structures

A

Subtraction Film

49
Q

2 subtraction films are required:

A
  • One to record a “mask”
  • other to record an image of the superimposed original radiograph and mask film.
50
Q

When electromagnetic energy (e.g. x-rays) interacts with radiographic film, a density is produced within the emulsion.

A

Latent Image Formation

51
Q

exists in the imulsion, which is an invisible representation of the radiographed structures.

A

latent image

52
Q

The invisible latent image is converted into a ———– after the film is immersed in the developer chemicals of the processor.

A

Manifest Image

53
Q

When the developer provides or “loses” its electrons to the metallic silver of the development centers, it is

A

oxidizes

54
Q

When the metallic silver “gains” these electrons, it is

A

reduced

55
Q

One method of quantitatively measure a
film’s response.

A

Sensitometry

56
Q

To perform a sensitometric evaluation of a particular film, ———– must be produced and developed under controlled conditions

A

sensitometric strip or step-wedge exposure strip

57
Q

Optical density units are determined based on a

A

ratio of the amount of original light intensity striking the film (Io) to the intensity of light transmitted through each step(It).

58
Q

Once the series of steps on the sensitometric strip is read by a densitometer, the OD units are plotted on a graph.

A

Sensitometric Curves

59
Q

is a graphical display of the film’s response to exposure and development.

A

sensitometric curve, characteristic
curve, D log E curve or H and D curve

60
Q

3 parts of the sensitometric curve

A

the toe
body (straight-line portion)
shoulder.

61
Q

sensitometric curve

lighter density steps

A

toe

62
Q

sensitometric curve

medium & darker density steps

A

body & shoulder

63
Q

sensitometric curve

represents the underexposed portions of the
radiograph , never begins at 0 density because of the blue dye added to the base & the chemical fog density placed on the film during processing.

A

Toe

64
Q

The point at which the toe begins slope upward toward the body (straight-line portion) of the curve and signifies the film’s first response to exposure

A

threshold

65
Q
  • (straight-line portion) – contains the diagnostically useful densities on a radiograph.
  • “gamma” or “slope”
  • Used to determine film contrast
A

Body

66
Q

upper portion where the straight line ends.
Represents the areas of overexposure on a radiograph.

A

Shoulder

67
Q

The area of the curve extending beyond the shoulder, where an increase in exposure causes the density to decrease.

A

solarization region

68
Q

Quantitative Data obtained from Sensitometric Curves

reveal several film characterizes, including: speed (sensitivity), contrast & exposure
latitude.

A

Sensitometric curves

69
Q

Quantitative Data obtained from Sensitometric Curves

represents the film’s sensitivity to exposure. A film with high speed is one that exhibits a strong response to exposure.

A

Film Speed

70
Q

of the curve determines the
inherent film contrast.

A

steepness or slope

71
Q
  • The contrast can be qualitatively determined by simply looking at the —— of the curve.
  • The steeper the slope, ————-
A
  • steepness
  • the higher the contrast
72
Q

is the range of exposures that can be used to yield a diagnostically useful range of optical densities on the radiographic image.

A

Exposure Latitude

73
Q

Films with more ——– allow the
radiographer more tolerance for error.

A

wider exposure latitude

74
Q

An inverse relationship exists between ————, & a reasonable balance must be achieved regarding ———

A
  • film latitude and contrast
  • image quality & the desired amount of
    exposure latitude.
75
Q

Film should also be stored within a temperature range
of ———- & a relative humidity range of ————

A
  • 50-70° Fahrenheit
  • 40-60%
76
Q

Boxes of film should be stored with the ———- in
back, using the ——– first.

A
  • newest placed
  • oldest film
77
Q

FIFO system

A

First In, First Out (FIFO)

78
Q

To maintain archival quality, processed radiographs should be stored

A

under controlled conditions

79
Q

Optimally, they should be stored in a temperature
ranging from ——- Fahrenheit & a relative humidity range of ——-

A
  • 60-80° Fahrenheit
  • 30-50%.
79
Q

Optimally, they should be stored in a temperature
ranging from ——- Fahrenheit & a relative humidity range of ——-

A
  • 60-80° Fahrenheit
  • 30-50%.
80
Q

Care should be taken to avoid bending an unprocessed film ——— may be produced, particularly when the film is being removed from the cassette.

A

crinkle marks

81
Q

Film should be slowly removed from the film bin &
cassettes to ——–

A

avoid static discharge.

RT 210 (3 decks)

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