radiodiagnosis Flashcards
PAP
appearance and classic associated infection
ground glass and smooth interlobular septal thickening
nocardia infection
conditions that affect the trachea and appearances
nodules on trachea and bronchial walls - sparing the posterior membrane. include :
affects the lower 2/3rd of trachea - tracheobronchopathia osteochondroplastica
smooth narrowing - relasping polychondritis
these involved the posterior membrane
wegeners and amyloid
hot quadrate sign is concerning for
SVC obstruction due to lung ca or lymphoma
Budd chiari syndrome
hepatic vein outflow obstruction
acute = thrombus
chronic = fibrosis
caudate hypertrophy due to separate drainage into IVC
nutmeg liver - delayed peripheral enhancement
regenerative nodules (hyperplastic) can look like HCC
cause is mostly idiopathic
cystic fibrosis
autosomal recessive genetic disease
disorder of ion transport - chloride and bicarbonate mediated by an ion channel encoded by the CFTR gene
that affects the exocrine function of the lungs, liver, pancreas, small bowel, sweat glands, and the male genital system
Lung -
bronchiectasis
pneumothorax
recurrent bacterial infection
pulmonary arterial hypertension
pancreas - causes fibrosis (decreased T1 and T2 signal)
fatty replacement - increased T1 signal
pancreatitis (acute and chronic)
pancreatic cysts
liver- hepatic steatosis
focal biliary and multilobular cirrhosis
portal hypertension
biliary system
cholelithiasis
sclerosing cholangitis
gastrointestinal tract
distal intestinal obstruction syndrome (DIOS)
meconium ileus: 10-20%
rectal prolapse
esophageal dysfunction / gastro-esophageal reflux
head and neck manifestations
chronic sinusitis
nasal polyposis
urogenital tract manifestations
bilateral seminal vesicle agenesis
testicular microlithiasis
hypoplasia or agenesis of the ductus deferens
hypoplasia or agenesis of the tail and body of the epididymis
Shwachman Diamond syndrome
2nd MOST common cause of pancreatic insufficiency in kids
diarrhoea
short stature
eczema
Portal hypertension
Increased hepatic venous pressure > 5 mmHg. Clinically significant is >10 mmHg
increased risk of variceal bleeding >12mmHg.
Prehepatic - portal vein thrombosis
extrinsic compression of portal vein
SVC obstruction
hepatic - cirrhosis, viral hepatitis, schistosomiasis
poshepatic causes -
Budd-Chiari syndrome
congestive cardiac failure
constrictive pericarditis
PV >13 mm
biphasic or reveresed flow is pathognominic
varices, splenomegaly and ascites
other complications -
hepatic encephalopathy
hepatorenal syndrome
hepatopulmonary syndrome
spleen - gamma gandy bodies - siderotic nodules - small foci of haemosiderin
treatment -
medications: propranolol (e.g. for varices), diuretics (e.g. for ascites)
interventional procedures
creation of shunts: transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS), surgical portosystemic shunt, surgical splenorenal shunt
Cervical cancer
4th most common cancer in women
usually squamous cell carcninoma (80%) - 90% HPV related -HPV 16 (60%) HPV 18 (10%)
ability for virus to act as a carcinogen depends on viral E6 and E7 proteins
Adenocarcinoma (15%)
FIGO staging
Stage I - confined to the cervix
Stage II - beyond the uterus, but has not extended onto the lower third of the vagina or to the pelvic wall
IIA: involvement limited to the upper 2/3 of vagina without parametrial invasion
IIB: with parametrial involvement but not up to the pelvic wall
Stage III: carcinoma involves the lower third of the vagina and/or extends to the pelvic wall and/or causes hydronephrosis or non‐functioning kidney and/or involves pelvic and/or paraaortic lymph nodes.
IIIA: carcinoma involves the lower third of the vagina, with no extension to the pelvic wall
IIIB: extension to the pelvic wall and/or hydronephrosis.
IIIC: involvement of pelvic and/or para-aortic lymph nodes, irrespective of tumor size and extent.
Stage IV: carcinoma has extended beyond the true pelvis or has involved (biopsy-proven) the mucosa of the bladder or rectum (bullous edema, as such, does not permit a case to be allotted to stage IV)
IVA: spread to adjacent organs IVB: spread to distant organs
Rectal cancer
98% is adenocarcinoma
HPV causes squamous cell
0-5 cm from anorectal angle - lower gets APR - increased risk of recurrence
higher tumours upper 2/3rds LAR
staging via MRI
Staging
PJP (Pneumocystis)
Yeast like fungal infection
MOST common pulmonary opportunistic infection in HIV pts
elevated serum lactate dehydrogenase is very sensitive
diagnosis can often be confirmed with bronchoalveolar lavage which has a sensitivity of 85-90%
Gallium-67 lung scintigraphy is highly sensitive for PCP
ground glass - perihilar/midzone
reticular opacities or septal thickening may also be present; a crazy paving pattern may, therefore, be seen when both ground-glass opacities and septal thickening are present
pleural effusions and lymphadenopathy is rare
pneumatoceles
Rectal cancer staging
TNM staging
T1: tumour invades submucosa
T2: tumour invades muscularis propria
T3: tumour invades through the muscularis propria into the subserosa or into non-peritonealised perirectal tissues without reaching the mesorectal fascia or adjacent organs
T4: tumour invades directly into other organs or structures and/or perforates visceral peritoneum
EBV
Causes infectious mononucleosis
Associated with several tumours
b-cell Lymphomas and nasopharyngeal carcinoma (and Burkitts)
Infects B cells (people with x-linked agammaglobineamia lack B cells) b cells are main reservoir for infection
peripheral blood - absolute lymphocytosis - with atypical lymphocytes (abundant cytoplasm and multiple clear vacuolizations)
Alzheimer Disease
MOST common cause of dementia in older adults.
Accumulation of two proteins AB and Tau in specific brain regions due to excessive production and defective removal
2 pathologic hallmarks = amyloid plaques (AB protein) and neurofibrillary tangles (Tau protein). both contribute to neural dysfunction
AB protein generation is the critical initiating event
Progressive atrophy begins in medial temporal lobes.
hippocampus is first part to atrophy
Rickets
Vit D deficiency
Breast Ca - BI-RADS
BI-RADS 0: incomplete
need additional imaging evaluation (additional mammographic views or ultrasound)
BI-RADS 1: negative
symmetrical and no masses, architectural distortion, or suspicious calcifications
BI-RADS 2: benign
0% probability of malignancy
BI-RADS 3: probably benign
<2% probability of malignancy
short interval follow-up suggested
BI-RADS 4: suspicious for malignancy
2-94% probability of malignancy
for mammography and ultrasound, these can be further divided:
BI-RADS 5: highly suggestive of malignancy
>95% probability of malignancy
appropriate action should be taken
BI-RADS 6: known biopsy-proven malignancy
