Radioanatomy Flashcards
Ultrasound superficial structures (thyroid
Linear probe
Ultrasound abdomen
Convex probe
Thyroid gland Well suited to ultrasound study because of its
superficial location, vascularity, size and echogenicity
Thyroid appearance i ultra sound
Ground glass
Thyroid shape in transverse view
Pear shape
Normal thyroid gland is _______________relative to the overlying strap muscles of the neck
Uniformly echogenic
To visualize the thyroid gland optimally
Higa
Unan s balikat
Due to the extreme reflection from the tissue-air interface of the trachea, no image is seen behind the trachea on an anterior ultrasound
Acoustic shadowing
A cystic structure transmits sound with very little attenuation, resulting in a greater intensity of sound waves behind it
Enhancement
have been shown to have predictive value for determining the probability of malignancy in thyroid nodule
Color and power doppler
Peripheral flow pattern
benign nodules, and malignant nodules
A minority of adenomas may be autonomously hyperfunctioning causing
Thyrotoxicosic
Low TSH level would be an indication for thyroid
Scintigraphy
otherwise not useful in the evaluation of thyroid nodules
Scintigraphy
procedure that uses nuclear medicine imaging to evaluate the thyroid functions
Thyroid scan
uses small amounts of radioactive material to diagnose disease
Nuclear medicine
Three different techniques that use nuclear medicine to evaluate your thyroid’s function and structure
Image of thyroid
Thyroid function without image
evaluate patients with thyroid cancer
evaluates the function of the gland. When the thyroid absorbs the radioactive iodine, the gland processes it to make thyroid hormones
Thyroid uptake
evaluate the capacity to produce the thyroid hormone
Radioactive iodine
Thyroid nodule with a much higher uptake of radioactive iodine than the surrounding parenchyma
Hot nodule
are almost always adenomas–half are autonomous which cause the surrounding normal thyroid tissue to become suppressed
Hot nodule
Thyroid nodule with a much lower uptake of radioactive iodine than the surrounding parenchyma
Cold nodule
20% of cold nodules are
Malignant
commonly is a colloid cyst
Cold nodule
Supeior pair have more constant location at
Cricoid cartilage
Imaging studies of PTG should be performed only after the diagnosis of
HPT
become the standard for interrogating the parathyroid glands
12-or 15-MHz transducers
Normal-sized parathyroid glands are usually not visualized with
Ultrasound
parathyroid adenomas appear as a discrete, oval, anechoic or hypoechoic masses
Gray scaleimage
Primary imaging modalities for pancreas
Ultrasound–CT scan with and without contrast
enters into major papilla together with the CBD
Ducts of wirsung
empties into minor papilla
Ducts of santorini
Upper limit size of main duct
3mm young adult
5mm elderly
the primary imaging method for evaluating adrenal disorders
CT
To detect small lesions and correct CT attenuation measurement requires
Tin section scanning
can be useful when characterizing the enhancement pattern of lesions on portal venous phase images or evaluating washout on delayedenhancement images
IV contrast
most useful as an alternative to CT in patients who cannot tolerate intravenous iodinated contrast and/or when confirming a diagnosis of hemorrhage
MRI
Pituitary gland
superior border tends to be convex
Female
Pituitary gland
superior border is usually concave
Male
Most common abnormalities that arise in the pituitary gland are
pituitary adenoma,
Rathke’s cleft cyst and
craniopharyngioma
Gold standard in pituitary gland
MRI
Pituitary gland
Normal height measurement
3-8 mm in adults–Up to 10 mm during puberty–may be > 10 mm during pregnancy
2-5 mm in diameter–Connects to hypothalamus, passes behind optic chiasm
Stalk
Strong contrast enhancement of normal gland
No blood brain barrier
Vertically oriented structure which connects the pituitary gland to the brain. It is thinner at the bottom and thicker at the top
Pituitary stalk
