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Physics- I Hate You > Radioactivity > Flashcards

Radioactivity Flashcards

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1
Q

gamma info

A

normally happen after an a or b decay because the nucleas has been thru a lot and changes into a different element, it needs to release some energy.

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2
Q

aplha

A

4

2

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3
Q

beta

A

0

-1

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4
Q

gamma

A

looks like the upside down breast cancer symbol
0
0

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5
Q

alpha speed

A

slow

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6
Q

gamma speed

A

fast

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7
Q

relative charge

A

bottom number

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8
Q

alpha penetration

A

least penatrive

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9
Q

gamma penetration

A

most penatrive

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10
Q

alpha ionisation

A

highly ionising

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11
Q

gamma ionisation

A

least ionising

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12
Q

alpha absorbed by

A

thin sheet of paper

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13
Q

beta absorbed by

A

aprox 5mm of aliminium

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14
Q

gamma absorbed by

A

thick lead

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15
Q

which ones are deflected by magnetic field

A

alpha negative

and beta positive

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16
Q

aplha mass

A

4 amu

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17
Q

beta mass

A

1/ 1836 amu

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18
Q

gamma mass

A

zero

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19
Q

alpha what is it

A

helium nucleaus

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20
Q

beta what is it

A

high energy electron

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21
Q

gamma what is it

A

an electromagnetic wave

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22
Q

isotope

A

same number of protons, different number of neutrons

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23
Q

radio active decay

A

when unstable nuclei break apart from more stable nuclei

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24
Q

radioactitiy detectors that work because of the ionising ability of radiations

A

geiger muller tube
electroscope
cloud chamber
spark counter

can be used to differentiate between a b and g

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25
Q

beta info

A

the neutron becomes a potion and stays in the nucleus and the electron flies off

is used in biological tracers and monitoring the thickness of materials such as paper

26
Q

natural sources of background radiation

A

cosmic rays from space
rocks and soil giving off radon gas
living things which pass radioactive materials up the food chain

27
Q

artificial sources of background radiation

A
  • radioactive waste from nuclear power stations
  • radioactive fall out from nuclear testing
  • medical research treatments and x-rays
28
Q

what can influence the amount of bg radiation you are exposed to

A
  • the place you live

- the job you have

29
Q

what are alpha particles used for

A

smoke alarms- because they are very ionising and produce ions which are charged

30
Q

what are beta particles used for

A

to monitor the thickness of papers- because it is penetrating enough to pass through the paper but the intensity of a beam of beta particles will be affected by a change in the thickness of the paper

31
Q

what is gamma radiation used for

A

to monitor the thickness of metal- because it is penetrating enough to pass through metal and the intensity of the beam of gamma rays will be affected by a change in thickness of the metal. Gamma rays are used as medical tracers as they are penetrating enough to pass through a human body

32
Q

to find the activity of a radioactive source

A
  • find the background count
  • place detector close to the source
  • measure count rates per minute
  • deduct background count from readings
33
Q

what should you use when handling radioactive things

A

long tweezers or tongs
wear protective clothing
store the source in a lead box when not being used

34
Q

dangers of radiation

A

burns and mutations

damage cells and tissues

35
Q

Jobs like

A

Doctors
Pilots
Air hostess
Power plant

36
Q

Place where u live could increase the background radiation you are exposed to

A

Close to power stations
High altitudes
Living in Cornwall as it has more radon

37
Q

Rutherfords Model lead container

A

Used because alpha and beta particles can’t move through it

Alpha particles are forced to move in a straight line in one direction

38
Q

Ruderrfoeds model radium

A

Used as it emits alpha radiation

39
Q

Ruderfords model bell jar

A

The air is extracted to form a vacuum, alpha particles could then reach the screen
The screen is painted with a chemical and glows if an alpha particles collides with it

40
Q

Ruderfords Model gold foil

A

Gold was used as it is not very reactive and it could be rolled out into thin sheets

41
Q

Ruderfords Model observation

A
  • most alpha particles went straight through
  • done particles were detected at a small angle
  • very few particles were deflected backwards at angles
42
Q

Fission

A
  • a slow moving neutron collides with and is absorbed by uranium 235
  • it becomes uranium 236 which is very unstable
  • the nucleus splits into the daughter nucleas, releasing of energy and three more neutrons
  • if the neutrons are reabsorbed by other uranium 235s you have a chain reaction
43
Q

Fission fuel rods

A

Carry fuel in the reactor

44
Q

Control rods

A

Absorb he slow moving neutrons when rods are fully inserted, the chain reaction stops

45
Q

what is half life

A

the time taken for the radioactivity of a specified isotope to fall to half its original value.

46
Q

smoke alarm

A

alpha particles emitted from a radioacitve source collide with molecules in the air

this knocks electorns off the molecules, producing ions
these ions flow between two electrodes inside the alarm, completing the electric circuit

when smoke particles are present, they prevent the ions from flowing between electodes

a sensor detects that the electrical circuit is not complete and an alarm sounds

47
Q

alpha info

A

used for energy sources in batteries in pace makers and satellites, local treatment of tumours within the body and smoke alarms

48
Q

why are alpha particles used for smoke alarms

A

because they are the most ionising

49
Q

why is sterilisation useful

A

this is particularly useful for things which cannot be placed in boiling water or alcohol, such as bandages, plastic utensils etc

50
Q

how are things sterilised

A

they are irradiated with gamma radiation

this gamma radiation passes straight through the items, killing bacteria and germs, without affecting the items

51
Q

how do they measure thickness

A

the material is passed between a radioactive source and a detector
if the material is too thick the count will be lower than usual since more particles will be prevented from penetrating the thicker material

52
Q

moderator

A

used to slow neutrons down, neutrons have successive colissons with the moderator aroms and gradually lose their kinetic energy so that they are very slow moving neutrons. This means that they will spend a longer time in the vicinity of the uranium nuclei as they pass and this means they stand a greater chance of being absorbed

53
Q

what is a moderator typically made from

A

graphite, heavy water, water

54
Q

coolant

A

used to transfer heat energy from the reactor core to a heat exchanger, to heat water and turn it to steam. The steam is used to drive a turbine and generate electricity

55
Q

typical materials for a coolant

A

water or liquid sodium

56
Q

thick shield around the core

A

to prevent dangerous radiation from escaping from the core

57
Q

nuclear chain reaction

A

U-235 absorbs a neutron to form U-236 which fissons to release fission fragments or fission products

the fission products consist of two or three neutrons emitted with the two daughter nuclei

each neutron can be absorbed by a separate U-235 nuclear, which results in the production of more daughter nuclei and more neutrons

58
Q

treatment of cancer

A

gamma radiation can be used to kill cancerous cells
you do this by placing the radioactive source close to the area to be irritated, generally takes place from outside the body
this is called radio-therapy

59
Q

what does the safe disposal of waste depend on

A
  • the activity of the waste
  • the half life of the elements contaiined in the waste
  • its physical/chemical properties of the elements contained in the waste
60
Q

carbon dating

A
  • particles from outer space (cosmic rays) enter the earths atmosphere
  • these particles collide with atoms in the atmosphere to form neutrons
  • these neutrons combine with nitrogen atoms in the atmosphere, forming carbon 14 (which is radioactive)
  • The c02 is taken up from the atmosphere by plants meaning they have it in them and so do we cuz food chain
61
Q

nuclear reactor

A

nuclear power stations use fission reactions to generate the heat needed to produce steam. The nuclear reactor controls the chain reaction so that the energy is steadily released.

fisson occurs in the fuel rods and causes them to become very hot. The coolant is a fluid pumped through the reactor. The coolant heats up and is then used in the heat exchanger to turn water into steam.

Control rods, made of boron, absorb neutrons, preventing the chain reaction getting out of control, moving the control rods in and out of the reactor core changes the amount of fission which takes place.

Physics- I Hate You (7 decks)

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