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Waste Mana > Radioactive > Flashcards

Radioactive Flashcards

1
Q

A. 3 basic types of radiation

A
  1. Alpha Particles (most dangerous, cannot get thru skin, lethal if internalized
  2. Beta Particles (high Energy e, stopped by plywood)
  3. Gamma Rays (high Energy electromagnetic Radiation, m of concrete or H2O
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2
Q

A. Half-life

A

the time a radionuclide decays to a more stable form

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3
Q

B. Hazards of Radionuclides

A
  • alter the chem and physical properties of the material when passed thru (DNA)
  • When inhaled or ingested, some can bioaccumulate in the body where they will continue to emit radiation
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4
Q

C. 5 Natural Sources of Radionuclides

A
  1. Inhalation (depends on where you live)
  2. medical diagnosis
  3. comic radiation
  4. gamma rays from soils and Rx
  5. internal sources
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5
Q

C. Industrial Sources

NORMs may be an issue for employees

A
  1. oil and gas industry
  2. mineral extraction -> processing
  3. Forestry production
  4. water treatment facilities
  5. tunnelling + underground waste
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6
Q

D. radioactive waste Catelogies

A
  1. NORM (Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials)
  2. radioactive wastes resulting from the nuclear fuel cycle
  3. atomic weapons produced from plutonium
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7
Q

D1. NORM

A

-radioactive elements found naturally in our environment or their decay products
-low concentration in earth (U and Th)
-concentrate NORM -> TENORM (technology-enhanced)
has a higher radiation levels

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8
Q

D2.1. The Nuclear Fuel Cycle

A
  • Uranium mining and milling
  • Refining and uranium enrichment
  • Fuel fabrication
  • Fuel consumption in nuclear reactors
  • Fuel reprocessing
  • Waste solidification
  • Burial of solidified waste or reprocessing
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9
Q

D2.1. Uranium mining and milling

A
  • Concentrated ore

- Large piles of waste rock and tailings, low level source of radioactivity

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10
Q

Fuel consumption

A

Produce low level radioactive (reactor wastes) which consist discarded equipment

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11
Q

Fuel consumption

A

long half life -» difficult to deal w as a waste -» takes long to become Nonhazardous to the envi

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12
Q

Fuel reprocessing

A

try to decrease the hazard of waste -> disposal (spent fuel and removes 235U & 239Pu)

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13
Q

Burial of solidified waste or reprocessing

A

final disposal options

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14
Q

High Level of Radioactive Waste (HLRW)

A

produces ionizing radiation with a strong ability to penetrate matter
Eg. spent nuclear, reactor fuel, small amount of medical isotopes

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15
Q

Intermediate Level (ILRW)

A

-requires isolation and containment beyond several hundred years
Eg. radiation therapy; used radioactive component

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16
Q

Low level (LLRW)

A

-losses all or most radiation in about 300yr

Eg. paper tower, floor sweeping, glassware…

17
Q

Uranium mine and Mil waste

A

-waste generated by the mining and milling of uranium ore

18
Q

D2.2. Levels of RW

A
  1. High level
  2. Intermediate level
  3. Low Level
  4. Uranium Mine and Mill Waste
19
Q

E. Disposal option for RW

A

-based on the time frame of the isolation and include:
+interim Storage
+Long Term Storage

20
Q

Long Term storage

A
  • maintain integrity in 1000s year or much longer

- Goal: no long term monitoring required and negligible risk to the biosphere at anytime in future

21
Q

Short term storage safety requirements

A

i) cooling mechanisms (H2O/air)

ii) shielding mechanisms. (3mof H2O, 1mof concrete)

22
Q

CANOO Reactors

A
  • duel bundles
  • deemed waste after 1 year
  • 30m away from an unshielded bundles
  • dose 50-60 Sv/yr
  • annual Rad Dose: 2mSv/yr
23
Q

E1. Interim Storage of HLRW

A
  • # of Fuel rod about 2M
  • the fuel is placed in wet storage (deep water pools with both cooling and shielding process, 10yr)
  • Once cooled, then transferred to dry storage
    + still radioactive
    + steel or concrete container, above grd -> air cooling
    + 1 container = 70T, life = 50yr
    + above grd dry storage
24
Q

E1.2. Long term storage of HLRW - site criteria

A

site must be:

  • geomorphically and structurally stable (area w no seismic activity, no volcanic activity, protect waste from landscape erosion)
  • isolated from fractured bedrock (containment issue, if fractures, hard to clean up)
  • isolated from grd H2O and grd h20 flow (no contamination to grd water)
25
Q

E1.2. Long-term storage of HLRW - Disposal site considered in past

A

i) burital within the Antarctic ice cap
ii) Placement on the ocean floor at subduction zones
+when the barrels transferred to the subduction zone, at high P ruptured the barrels and release content to the ocean
+ if not subducted, barrels become apart of accretionary wedge
iii) Deep Geo Disposal (Terminal Storage)
+ store RW in engineered repositories within geo units where it will be isolated from zones of active grd H2O flow
+ mornitor the site for 1-2 gen and if goes well, permanent disposal of the waste

26
Q

E1.2.3 Deep Geological Disposal consideration

A
  1. deep crystallize Rx (intrusive granite)
  2. Deep salt beds (halite)
  3. Deep shale beds
  4. thick unsaturated zones
27
Q

Adv and Disad of deep salt beds

A

Ad: i) dry and impermeable to H2O
ii) can dissipate large amt of heal
iii) fracture that develops to self-seal
Dis: i) can dissolve to create large cavern
ii) can dissolve to create brines which corrosive
iii) salt flow - halite flow toward to the surface wehen heated

28
Q

3 storage options in canadian

A
  1. deep underground storage in canadian shield
  2. decentralized storage at reactor sites
  3. centralized storage in a disposal area
    * Federal gov accept combo 1 & 3 : a centralized repository deep undergrd in the canadian shield in Disposal Vaults
29
Q

Adaptive Phase management

A
  1. waste will be retrievable indefinitely

2. waste will be mornitored continuously

30
Q

Disposal Vault Design

A
  • Lithology: Granite of the Canadian Shield
  • Mineral Value: low,
  • Depth: 500-1000m
  • Storage containers: corrosion resistant, containers last for 1000yr
  • GrdH2O flow: low exposure, k & K
  • Buffer material: material to surround the barrels to retard grdh2o flow if it entered the repositories
  • Backfill: Vaults tunnels + shift at closure
31
Q

Cigar Lake Uranium Deposit

A
  • Located in nothern Sas
  • 11% of the world’s uranium deposit, 430m below the Earth’s surface (very permeable sandstone)
  • High grade ore is encased in clays which formed 1.3 Byr ago
32
Q

US Department of Defense Isolation Pilot Plant

A
  • world’s 3 deepest DGR, licensed for research and production of nuclear weapons
    -Location: 26km East of Carlbad New Mexico
    Depth: 650
    -Lithology: Halite which is 900m thick
    -Material Accepted: Tranuranic low level (still Radioactive 24000yr)

Waste Mana (6 decks)

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