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5th yr- CMS2- Imagining and Radiography > radio densities > Flashcards

radio densities Flashcards

1
Q

What can radio opacities on a radiograph be due to

A
  1. Artfacts
  2. Normal anatomy
  3. Dental tissue
  4. Bone
  5. Soft tissue
  6. Foreign body
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2
Q

What causes something to appear more radiopaque

A

Increase in tissue or object in the line of the x ray beam
or
Increase in density

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3
Q

What can lead to increased thickness in bone

A
  1. Developmental
  2. Inflammatory
  3. Neoplastic
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4
Q

What can lead to increased density of bone

A
  1. Inflammatory
  2. Dysplasia
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5
Q

Give examples of artefacts that may be seen on a radiograph

A
  1. Copper dot
  2. Foreign objects
  3. Cervical spine shadow
  4. Ghost shadow of the mandible
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6
Q

Why might a copped dot be seen on a radiogrpah

A

Due to the film being placed back to front

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7
Q

Give examples of normal anatomy that appears radio opaque on a radiograph

A
  1. Zygomatic buttress
  2. Coronoid process
  3. Lower lip
  4. Nose
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8
Q

Give examples of abnormalities of the teeth that can appear radio opaque

A
  1. Retained root
  2. Unerupted or ectopic tooth
  3. Super numeracy
  4. Abnormality of tooth development
  5. Odontome
  6. Hypercementosis
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9
Q

What is dens in dente

A

Invagination of tooth stricture

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10
Q

What is dens in dente also called

A

Dens invaginatus

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11
Q

Where is dens in dente commonly found orally

A

In the maxillary lateral incisor

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12
Q

What are pulp stones

A

Calcifications in the pulp tissue

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13
Q

What is an enamel pearl

A

An extra growth of enamel usually in the furcation of molar teeth

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14
Q

What is hypercementosis

A

Excessive deposition of cementum on roots usually asymptomatic

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15
Q

How does hypercementosis appear on a radiograph

A

Outline is usually smooth
slightly more radiolucent than dentine

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16
Q

What are odontomes

A

Abnormal growth of normal dental tissues

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17
Q

Name the 2 types of odontomes

A
  1. Compound odontomes
  2. Complex
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18
Q

Describe compound odotnomes

A

Made up of lots of little denticles that look like a collection od small malformed teeth

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19
Q

Describe complex odontomes

A

Does not have normal ordering of tooth tissue

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20
Q

What can tumours of the jaw be split into

A

Odontogenic
Non odontogenic

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21
Q

Give examples of odonotgenic tumours

A
  1. Odontomes (complex and compound)
  2. Cmentoblastoma
  3. Calcifying epithelial odontgenic tumour
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22
Q

Give examples of odonotgenic tumours

A
  1. Odontomes (complex and compound)
  2. Cementoblastoma
  3. Calcifying epithelial odontgenic tumour
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23
Q

What can non odonotgenic tumours be split into

A
  1. Benign
  2. Malignant
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24
Q

Give examples of Benign non odonotgenic tumours

A

Osteoma
Chondroma

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25
Give examples of malignant non odonotgenic tumours
Osteogenic sarcoma Osteogenic secondary
26
Describe cementoblastomas
Benign neoplasms that are rare
27
Where do cementoblastomas occur
More common in mandibular premolar molar region
28
Describe how cementoblastomas maty appear on a radiograph
Circular radio opacity at the apex of the tooth Radiolucent periphery and sclerotic margins outside the lesion Root resorption may be seen
29
Describe calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumours
Benign rare tumours that affect the mandible more than maxilla
30
What are calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumours associated with
Unerupted teeth often the lower 8s
31
Describe how calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumours may appear on a radiograph
2/3 are mixed density Usually, scalloped margin
32
Give examples of soft tissues that can appear radio opaque on a radiograph
Maxillary antrum
33
When might the maxillary antrum appear radio opaque
Due to inflammatory changes causing thicjenign of the paranasal sinus mucosa
34
Describe how the maxillary antrum may appear on a radiogrpah
Well defined non corticated band of soft tissue opacity Parallels the bony outlien of the antrum Cortical line of antrul floor and walls are in tact
35
How might a benign antral cyst/ retention pseudocyst present on a radiogrpah
Well defined non corticated smooth doem shaped opacity Antral wall will be intact
36
Give examples of imaging features of the maxillary antrum that indicate further investigation
1. Bone erosion 2. Corticated border of the soft tissue 3. Displacement of astral boundary
37
State red flag clinical symptoms in regards to the maxillary antrum
Epistaxis Unilateral nasal obstruction dys- or paresthesia; facial swelling
38
Give examples of soft tissue calcifications that may appear radiodense
1. Pulp stones 2. Ligaments 3. Lymphoid tissue/ tonsils 4. Salivary glands 5. Blood vessels 6. Antrum 7. Nose 8. Skin 9. Muscles/ subcutaneous tissues
39
Give examples of normal bone variation that may appear radio dense on a radiogrpah
Dense bone islands Idiopathic osteonecrosis
40
Give an example of a developmental bony defect that can appear radio dense on a radiogrpah
Tori
41
Give examples of inflammatory / infections of the bone that can led to radio dense areas on a radiogrpah
1. Sclerosing osteitis 2. Osteomyelitis 3. ORN 4. MRONJ
42
Give examples of bony dysplasias that may appear radio dense on a radiograph
– Cemento-osseous dysplasia – Fibrous dysplasia
43
What is Sclerosingosteitis
A periapcal low grade chronic infection
44
What is Osteomyelitis
Spreading, progressive inflammation in response to infection
45
What is Osteoradionecrosis
Radiation-induced damage resulting in bone necrosis.
46
What does MRONJ stand for
Medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaws
47
What is Sclerosing Osteitis a reaction to
Proliferative reaction following plural necrosis
48
What are some imaging features of Sclerosing Osteitis
Non vital tooth Deep caries or large restoration Widening of apical periodontal ligament space Sclerotic bone surrounding the apex
49
Where is Osteomyelitis seen more frequently
Mandible over maxilla
50
List some radiographic features of Osteomyelitis
1. Moth eaten poorly defined areas 2. Subperiosteal bone formation 3. Sequestra of necrotic bone 4. Sclerosis of surrounding bone
51
What is Periostitis
Inflammation of the periosteum can be due to Subperiosteal bone deposition
52
What happens in Periostitis
Bone layers can form parallel to each other to the cortical surface
53
What is ORN
Radiation induced damage to bone leadign to necrosis
54
How does ORN presen clinically
With presence of exposed bone
55
List some radiographic features of ORN
1. Similar to osteomyelitis but without perosteal recant
56
List some radiographic features of ORN
1. Similar to osteomyelitis but without perosteal reaction (Periostitis) 2. Bone sequestra 3. Pathological fracture 4. Can resemble bone destruction by malignant neoplasm
57
List some radiographic features of MRONJ
1. similar to osteomyelitis and ORN 2. Moth-eaten area; bony sequestra 3. Reduced periosteal reaction 4. Widening of the periodontal ligament spaces
58
Where do Periosteal osteomas arise
on the bone surface as a pedunculated mass Usually asymptomatic and solitary
59
How do Periosteal osteomas appear on a radiograph
Well-defined radiopacity with a smooth outline
60
What are Multiple jaw osteomas a feature of
Gardner syndrome
61
Describe cemento ossifying fibroma
Composed of fibrocellular tissue and mineralising material
62
List the radiographic features of cement ossifying fibroma
1. Round well defined expansile 2. Mixed density
63
Describe osteogenic sarcomas
Rapidly destructive bone malignancyvery rare in jaw
64
List the radiographic appearance of osteogenic sarcomas
1. Non specific can present as widening of the periodontal membrane space 2. Classically has sunray appearance
65
What is pagets disease
An idiopathic disease of the elderly causing abnormal maintenance of bone Can lead to brittle bone and increased risk of fracture and osteogenic sarcoma
66
What does the radiographic appearance of apogees disease depend on
The stage of the disease eg initial osteolytic of later bone deposition
67
Talk through the radiographic appearance of the skull vault in early pagets disease
Osteoporosis circumscripta: scalloped, well-defined zones of osteoporosis
68
Talk through the radiographic appearance of the skull vault in late pagets disease
Cotton wool patches of sclerotic bone in earlier osteoporotic zones

5th yr- CMS2- Imagining and Radiography (2 decks)

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