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REG REVIEW > Radiation Safety > Flashcards

Radiation Safety Flashcards

1
Q

QC Numbers Must Be Within: (%)
A. Centering:
B. Distance:
C. Collimation:
D. Exposure Time:
E. kVp Calibration:
F. Exposure Reproducibility:
G. Exposure Linearity:

A

A. Centering: 1%
B. Distance: 2%
C. Collimation: 2%
D. Exposure Time: 5%
E. kVp Calibration: 5%
F. Exposure Reproducibility: 5%
G. Exposure Linearity: 10%

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2
Q
  1. Ionization results in: _______ & ________
  2. Explain Indirect Effects Occur:
  3. What can happen when DNA is damaged?
    A.
    B.
    C.
A
  1. Free electrons that are Negative & Positive Charged atom
  2. Photon interacts with water of cell
    - results in radiolysis
    - radiolysis creates free radicles and hydrogen peroxide that causes damage
  3. Base Pair Lesions, Single Stand Breaks & Double Strand Breaks
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3
Q
  1. What is Radiolysis?
  2. What does this create?
  3. Which DNA damage is repairable?
    - which is not?
  4. Which DNA damage results in cell death or mutation?
A
  1. Ionization of water molecule
  2. Creates free radicals / hydrogen peroxide
  3. Base Pair Lesion
    - Double Strand Break
  4. Double Stand Break
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4
Q
  1. What is Stochastic Effect of Radiation?
  2. Relation to Dose/Severity?
  3. Response Curve &Threshold?
  4. Examples:
A
  1. Random, Unpredictable, Probability
  2. Probability of effect occuring increases with exposure but severity is NOT affected by dose
    - (Cancer isn’t worse b/c dose larger)
  3. Linear, Non-Threshold
  4. Ex: Cancer & Genetic Mutations
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5
Q
  1. What is Deterministic Effect of Radiation?
  2. Relation to Dose/Severity?
  3. Response Curve &Threshold?
  4. Examples:
A
  1. Predictable
  2. Effects occur at specific dose threshold
  3. Linear, Threshold
  4. Ex: Decreased sperm count, erythema, epilation, skin cancer
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6
Q
  1. Linear Non-Threshold Dose Response Model states:
  2. Thresholds for:
    A. Decrease Sperm Count:
    B. Erythema:
    C. Epilation:
  3. These are all examples of:
A
  1. No safe dose, any dose could cause cancer
  2. A. Decrease Sperm Count: 150 mGy
    B. Erythema: 2,000 mGy
    C. Epilation: 3,000 mGy
  3. Deterministic
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7
Q
  1. When do short-term effects occur?
  2. Deterministic or Stochastic?
    - Response Model:
  3. Examples:
  4. Other Name(s) for short-term effects:
A
  1. Within minutes-hours after exposure
  2. Deterministic
    - Threshold, Predictable
  3. Erythema, Temporary sterility, ARS
  4. Immediate / Early Effects
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8
Q
  1. When do long-term effects occur?
  2. Deterministic or Stochastic?
    - Response Model:
  3. Examples:
  4. Other Name(s) for short-term effects:
A
  1. Several years after exposure
  2. Stochastic
    - Non-Threshold, Probabilistic
  3. Cancer, Mutations
  4. Delayed Effects
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9
Q
  1. What is latent period?
  2. Cataracts is a _________ effect,
    but is ______ (Stochastic or Deterministic)
    Meaning it ______ (does or does not) have a threshold dose. It occurs ______ after exposure.
  3. Latent period for Leukemia is ______, making it an example of _______.
  4. Latent period for Thyroid, Breast, Lung & Bone are ______, making them an example of _______.
A
  1. Time between “infection” and signs of symptoms
  2. Cataracts = Long-Term Effect
    - Deterministic
    - Has Threshold
    - Occurs several years later
  3. Leuk. 5-7 years = LONG TERM
  4. 10-60 years = LONG TERM
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10
Q
  1. Somatic Effects of Radiation cause harm to _______.
  2. Do these effects pass on?
  3. Examples:
A
  1. Harm to body of person exposed
    - SOMA = Body
  2. Damage is not passed on
  3. Cancer, Cataracts, fetal/embryo effects**

(**because radiation occurs to fetus / it is not passed on from genetics)

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11
Q
  1. Genetic Effects of Radiation cause harm to _______.
  2. Do these effects pass on?
  3. Examples:
A
  1. Harm passed on to future generations (not to exposed) through reproductive organs
    - Harm to reproductive germ cells (sperm & ova)
  2. DNA damage is passed on
  3. Mutation, Cystic Fibrosis, Heart Disease
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12
Q
  1. Why is fetus/embryo effects somatic?
  2. What is ARS?
    - Short or long term?
  3. What are 3 possible effects of reproductive organs when exposed to radiation?
A
  1. Somatic because fetus/embryo is being exposed to radiation at the time, it is not being passed through germ cells
  2. Acute Radiation Syndrome occurs from extremely high whole-body exposures
    - Short-Term
  3. Cancer (Carcinogenesis),
    Infertility
    Genetic Effects
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13
Q
  1. Explain Doubling Dose:
  2. What is the approximate value:
  3. Explain Genetically Significant Dose (GSD):
  4. Average GSD from medical imaging:
A
  1. Hypothetical dose required to double rate of genetic disease that already naturally occur in human population
  2. 1.5 Sv
  3. Actual estimate of real dose to gonads of reproductively active population
    - (Estimates total dose that could cause genetic diseases)
  4. 0.3 mSv
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14
Q
  1. What are the reproductive cells?
  2. Acute Radiation Syndrome is a result of:
    - Example:
  3. ARS is ________ (Stochastic or Deterministic)
    Meaning it ______ (does or does not) have a threshold dose. It occurs ______ after exposure.
  4. Acute Radiation Syndrome often results in:
A
  1. Sperm & egg/ova
  2. High Dose to Whole-Body
    - Nuclear Accident
  3. Deterministic (Predictable)
    - Has threshold (Occur at specific dose)
    - Early Effect (Occurs soon after exposure, minutes/hours/days)
  4. Death due to body system failure/responses
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15
Q
  1. What are three systems mainly effected in Acute Radiation Syndrome?
  2. What is LD50/30?
  3. What is ARS’s LD?
A
  1. Hematopoietic
    - Gastrointestinal
    - Cerebrovascular
  2. Lethal Dose that will kill 50% of population within 30 days
  3. ARS is LD 50/60 (3-4Gy)
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16
Q
  1. In ARS, Hematopoietic Syndrome begins occurring at doses ______, causing _______.
  2. Symptoms include: ____. ______& _______
  3. Death Time Frame:
    • Caused By:
  4. Survival Possibility:
A
  1. Greater than 1 Gy, causing blood cell death
  2. Anorexia, Fever, Lethargy
  3. Within 1-2 months
    - Infection or Hemorrhage
  4. Some may
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17
Q
  1. In ARS, Gastrointestinal Syndrome begins occurring at doses ______, causing _______.
  2. Symptoms include: ____. ______& _______
  3. Death Time Frame:
    • Caused By:
  4. Survival Possibility:
A
  1. Greater than 1- Gy, causing destruction of GI tract
  2. Diarrhea, dehydration & electrolyte imbalance
  3. 9-10 days
    - Dehydration
  4. Not expected to survive
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18
Q
  1. In ARS, Cerebrovascular Syndrome begins occurring at doses ______
  2. Symptoms include: ______& _______
  3. Death Time Frame:
    • Caused By:
  4. Survival Possibility:
A
  1. Greater than 50 mGy
  2. Convulsing & Coma
  3. Within Hours / Most Severe Response
    - Unknown specific cause
  4. No survival
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19
Q
  1. Which ARS response occurs at 1 Gy?
  2. Which ARS response symptoms are diarrhea and dehydration?
  3. Which ARS response occurs at 10 Gy?
  4. Which ARS response is most severe?
    - What is its response dose?
A
  1. Hematopoietic
  2. GI
  3. GI
  4. Cerebrovascular
    - 50 mGy
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20
Q
  1. What is first phase of progression?
  2. How often do people die from ARS?
  3. What are the three possibilites of radiation absorption in a cell?
A
  1. Prodromal Phase
  2. LD50/60
  3. Absorb & Dies
    - Absorb and Repair
    - Absorb and Incorrectly Repair / Mutates
21
Q
  1. Prodromal Phase is the ____ (1,2 or 3) phase of progression.
  2. Symptoms Time Frame:
    (Begins _____ - Ends _____)
  3. Symptoms Include: (4)
A
  1. FIRST phase
  2. Occur within hours/days and subside within few days
  3. Anorexia, Nausea, Vomiting, Diarrhea
22
Q
  1. Latency Phase is the ____ (1,2 or 3) phase of progression.
  2. Symptoms Time Frame:
    (Begins _____ - Ends _____)
  3. Symptoms:
A
  1. SECOND Phase
  2. Inversely related to dose
    - Lower Dose = Last Longer, Higher Dose = Phase Shorter / Could be Eliminated)
  3. Symptoms appear to have resolved
23
Q
  1. Manifest Phase is the ____ (1,2 or 3) phase of progression.
  2. Symptoms Time Frame:
    (Begins _____ - Ends _____)
  3. Symptoms:
A
  1. THIRD Phase
  2. Severity and duration on dose
    - (higher dose = more severe)
  3. Full onset of systemic illness
    - patient will recover or die
24
Q
  1. What leads to mutation or carcinogenesis?
  2. Radiation Induced Carcinogenesis is result of ______.
  3. Is Radiation Induced Carcinoma caused by direct or indirect action?
  4. What is latency period for cancer?
A
  1. Cells absorb radiation, attempt to repair but are incomplete / incorrect
  2. Unrepaired DNA damage in cell
  3. BOTH (Mostly indirect)
  4. Leuk 5-7 years
    - All others 10-60 years
25
Q
  1. Is it possibly to identify cancer caused directly by radiation?
    - why or why not?
  2. What is radiosensitivity?
  3. What are the variables of radiosensitivity?
A
  1. NO because cancer has long latency period, it is probability & histology of radiation induced cancer same as non-radiation induced
  2. Degree which cell, tissue or organ is sucsptible to damaging effects of radiation
  3. Age
    Tissue Type
    Gender
    Radiation Type
    Exposure Rate
26
Q
  1. Based on Law of Bergonie and Tribondeau, Most radiosensitive cells are:
  2. What doses can cause spontaneous miscarriage?
  3. What are teratogenic effects of an embryo?
  4. Cerebral Effects of Embryo include: (3)
A
  1. Most radiosensitive cells are immature, unspecialized, rapidly dividing (highly mitotic)
  2. Even low doses in early stages of pregnancy
  3. Physical deformities to developing organs
  4. Head/skull
    Brain
    Retardation
27
Q
  1. What are 3 phases of pregnancy & time frame:
    A.
    B.
    C.
  2. Which stage do organs form?
  3. Which stage is extremely sensitive to radiation?
  4. Which stage is physical malformations likely to occur?
  5. Which stage do lethal effects occur?
  6. Which stage are cerebral effects likely occur?
A

1.A. Preimplantation (0-10 days)
B. Organogenisis (10 days - 6 weeks)
C. Fetal Period (6 weeks - birth)

  1. Organogenisis
  2. Preimplantation
  3. Organogenisis
  4. Preimplantation
  5. Fetal Period
28
Q
  1. Higher Radiosensitive Tissues Include:
    - Moderate:
    - Lower:
  2. If a tissue has LOWER radiosensitivity, this means they are ____ susceptible to damage.
A
  1. Image:
  2. DIRECT RELATION (higher sensitivity, more susceptible & vice versa)
29
Q
  1. What is Tissue Weighting Factor (Wt) used to determine?
  2. Based on:
    - Relation Between (direct or indirect)
  3. Common Weighting Factors:
    Bone Marrow, Breast, Lung, Stomach:
    Gonads:
    Liver, Thyroid:
    Brain:
A
  1. Effective Dose
  2. Tissue Radiosensitivity
    - DIRECT (Higher weighing factor = higher radiosensitivity)
  3. Bone Marrow, Breast, Lung, Stomach: .12
    Gonads: 0.08
    Liver, Thyroid: 0.04
    Brain: 0.01
30
Q
  1. The presence of oxygen makes cells _____ sensitive to radiation
  2. Hypoxia means:
  3. Anoxia means:
  4. Oxygen Enhancement Ratio (OER) defines:
A
  1. MORE Sensitive
  2. Low oxygen
  3. no oxygen
  4. how type of radiation plays role in radiosensitivty in oxygenated cell
31
Q
  1. What is x-rays OER?
    - What does this mean?
  2. Who is more sensitive to radiation, men or women? why?
  3. Relation between RBE & LET
A
  1. X-Ray OER = 3
    - Meaning oxygenated cells are 3x more radiosensitive to xrays than hypoxic cells)
  2. Women b/c more reproductive tissues
  3. DIRECT (AS LET INCREASES< RBE INCREASES)
32
Q
  1. Linear Energy Transfer (LET) refers to:
  2. Higher LET means:
    - LOWER LET means:
  3. X-Ray LET:
A
  1. Amount of energy deposited in tissue
  2. Higher LET means radiation energy deposited faster into tissue / causes more damage
    - Lower LET means opposite
  3. X-Ray = LOW LET
    - Alpha = HIGH LET
33
Q
  1. Relative Biological Effectiveness (RBE) refers to:
  2. Higher RBE means:
    - Lower RBE means:
  3. X-Ray RBE:
A
  1. Compares radiation differences in biological effects
  2. Higher RBE - Radiation more likely cause damage
    - Lower RBE = opposite
  3. X-Ray RBE = 1
34
Q
  1. How is equivalent dose calculated?
  2. What is X-Rays Radiation weighing factor?
  3. Higher Radiation Weighting Factor (wr) means:
  4. The faster the dose is delivered, the _____ damage caused because:
  5. Doses given over a longer period of time will cause ____ damage compared to given at once.
A
  1. EqD = Absorbed Dose (D) x Radiation Weighting Factor (Wr)
  2. X-Ray Wr = 1
    - Alpha: 20
  3. More Harm
  4. MORE damage because cells less time to heal/recover
  5. Less damage
35
Q

Absorbed Dose
1. Abbreviation:
2. Used to measure:
3. Expressed In:
4. Results From:

A

Absorbed Dose
1. Abbreviation: D
2. Used to measure: energy absorbed per unit of mass
3. Expressed In: Gray (Gy)
4. Results From: Photoelectric & Compton effects in tissue

36
Q

Equivalent Dose
1. Abbreviation:
2. Used to Measure:
3. Expressed In:
4. Results From:

A

Equivalent Dose
1. Abbreviation: EqD
2. Used to COMPARE biological damage from different radiations
3. Expressed In: Sieverts (Sv)
4. Results From: Radiation Type, LET & Radiation Weighting Factor

37
Q

Effective Dose
1. Abbreviation:
2. Used to measure:
3. Expressed In:
4. Results From:

A

Effective Dose
1. Abbreviation: EfD
2. Used to Measure: Short Term Effects
- COMPARE biological harm
3. Expressed In: Sieverts (Sv)
4. Results From: Radiation Type & Tissue Type

38
Q
  1. Measurements of Radiation Intensity in Air:
    A. __________ & B. _________
  2. Measurement of Radiation Dose in Tissue:
    A. __________ B. _________. & C. _____________
  3. Dose Absorbed at Skin Level: ___________
    - Expressed In:
  4. What is DAP?
A
  1. A. Exposure (# ionizations) = C/kg
    B. Air Kerma (Energy of Ions) = Gy, mGy
  2. A. Absorbed Dose (energy per unit mass)
    - D= J/kg
    - Gy
    B. Equivalent Dose (Compare damage based on radiation)
    - EqD - D x Wr
    - Sv
    C. Effective Dose (Compare harm based on tissue & radiation type)
    - EfD = D x Wr x Wt
    - Sv
  3. Entrance Skin Exposure (ESE)
    - mGy
  4. Dose Area Product
    - Absorbed Dose (D) x Area (FOV)
    - Gy(cm^2)
39
Q
  1. What is expressed in C/kg?
  2. What is expressed in Gy?
  3. What is expressed in Sv?
  4. What is expressed in mGy?
  5. D represents for:
A
  1. Exposure
  2. Air Kerma & Absorbed Dose
  3. Equivalent Dose & Effective Dose
  4. Entrance Skin Exposure & Air Kerma
  5. Absorbed Dose
40
Q
  1. __________ is the basic measurement of radiation energy absorbed in patient/
  2. What is used to compare biological damage from different types of tissue?
  3. What is used to compare biological harm based on tissue type and radiation type?
A
  1. Absorbed Dose
  2. Equivalent Dose
  3. Effective Dose
41
Q
  1. If a 10 x 10 field receives 2 mGy exposure, what is the DAP?
  2. How is ESE measured? (what tools)
  3. Is ESE more or less than Bone Marrow Dose?
A
  1. Formula: FOV x Exposure Dose = DAP
    - (10 x 10 ) x 2 = DAP
    - 100 x 2
    - 200 = DAP
  2. Dosimeters or Ionization Chambers
  3. ESE is greater than Bone Marrow Dose
    (bone marrow is estimated)
42
Q
  1. ALARA stands for:
  2. Principle Radiation Protection:
  3. Controlled vs Uncontrolled areas:
A
  1. As Low As Reasonably Achievable
  2. Time (minimize time)
    Distance (Maximize distance from source/patient)
    Shielding (Shield self)
  3. Controlled have less shielding since they are monitored (control room or tech area)
    - Uncontrolled Areas have more shielding bc not monitored (walls to public areas)
43
Q
  1. Minimum Requirements For:
    - Aprons:
    - Thyroid Shield:
    - Glasses:
    - Gloves:
    - Protectie Curtain:
    - Bucky Slot Cover:
A
    • Aprons: 0.5 mm Pb
      - Thyroid Shield: 0.5 mm Pb
      - Glasses: 0.35 mm Pb
      - Gloves: 0.25 mm Pb
      - Protectie Curtain: 0.25 mm Pb
      - Bucky Slot Cover: 0.25 mm Pb
44
Q
  1. What are examples of primary barriers?
  2. What are examples of secondary barriers?
  3. Width of Primary Barriers?
  4. Width of Secondary Barriers?
A
  1. Prime Beam Directed At: Wall behind buckey, Floor under table
  2. Beam is not directed / where scatter hits: door to exam room, other walls, control wall
  3. 1/16 in Pb
  4. 1/32 in Pb
45
Q
  1. HVL decreases intensity how much (%) for:
    - 1 HVL =
    - 2 HVL =
    - 3 HVL =
  2. Equipment vs Environmental Survey Devices:
A
    • 1 HVL = 50%
      - 2 HVL = 25%
      - 3 HVL = 12.5%
  2. Equipment ensure proper radiation output
    - check technique matches whats selected
    - protects patient

Environmental monitor radioactive contamination in occupied areas
- check radiation through lead walls
- protect occupational & public safety

46
Q

Ionization Chambers
A. Measures:
B. How:
C. Expressed In:
D. Examples:

A

A. Measures: Ionization in Air
B. How: Chamber filled with gas or air
C. Expressed In: Exposure (C/kg,) Air Kerma (Gy) or EqD (Sv)
D. Examples: Gieger Mueller or Pocket Ionz. Chamber

47
Q
  1. Annual Dose Limits For:
    - Occ. Body:
    - Occ. Eyes:
    - Occ. Skin:
    - Pub. Body:
    - Pub. Eye:
    - Pub. Skin:
    - Preg. Entire:
    - Preg. Monthly:
48
Q
  1. How often are Dose reports done?
  2. What length of time(s) are the doses on report?
  3. Reviewed by?
  4. What is included?
  5. Expressed in:
A
  1. Quarterly
  2. Quarterly, Year-to-Date & Lifetime Dose
  3. Physicist
  4. Deep Dose ((Whole Body), Eye Dose (Lens) & Shallow Dose (Skin)
  5. mSv

REG REVIEW (5 decks)

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