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Radiation Protection > Radiation Protection > Flashcards

Radiation Protection Flashcards

1
Q

What is Gray (Gy)?

A

Absorbed dose

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2
Q

Air Kerma (Gya) definition and characteristics

A
  • used to define radiation exposure or radiation delivered to a specific point
  • indicates the amount of energy transferred to a mass of air by photons
  • released in matter, mass, and materials
  • preferred unit
  • used to measure tube leakage
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3
Q

Gray (Gyt)

A

Amount of energy absorbed per unit mass of tissue

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4
Q

Sievert (Sv) definition and characteristics

A
  • unit of equivalent dose
  • considered the biological impact of the type and energy of radiation being used
  • measures quantity of radiation received by radiation worker and populations
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5
Q

What is Wr?

A

weighting factor; r stands for type of radiation

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6
Q

What type of radiation are rad. techs. exposed to?

A

x-rays and gamma rays that have a r value of 1

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7
Q

What is the dose limits for the general public and students older than 18?

A
  • 1 mSv per year for the general public and students older than 18
  • 5 mSv for infrequent exposure
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8
Q

What is the dose limit for occupational exposed workers?

A
  • 50 mSv for head to toe
  • 150 mSv for eyes
  • 500 mSv for skin, hands, and feet
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9
Q

ALARA and how it’s achieved

A
  • as low as reasonably achievable
  • use of close collimation
  • high speed IRs
  • filtration of primary beam
  • avoiding repeats
  • optimal kVp technique
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10
Q

What is the primary cause of repeats? What can be done to avoid this?

A
  • poor communication
  • be clear with directions and expectations
  • talk to patient and watching them during exposure
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11
Q

What does correct filtration do? What is the material used for it?

A
  • reduces exposure by absorbing low energy “unusable” x-rays
  • aluminium
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12
Q

Pregnant Patient Precautions

A
  • all females of childbearing age should be screened for pregnancy
  • if they are pregnant, notify radiologist
  • if procedure continues, discuss risks and benefits and have them sign a consent form
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13
Q

What exams deliver less than 10 mGy to embryo / fetus?

A
  • head and chest exams
  • head and chest CTs
  • extremities
  • thoracic spine
  • skull
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14
Q

What exams deliver more than 10 mGy to embryo / fetus?

A
  • pelvis and abdomen CT
  • pelvis and abdomen exams with 3 or more views
  • lumbar spine
  • scoliosis
  • fluoroscopic procedure
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15
Q

Who should hold an uncooperative patient?

A
  • parent or family member
  • hospital worker that is NOT occupationally exposed to radiation
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16
Q

Who should NOT hold an uncooperative patient?

A
  • anyone under 18
  • anyone who is pregnant
  • any hospital worker who is occupationally exposed to radiation
17
Q

What do personnel monitoring devices do and what are the two types? When are they exchanged?

A
  • measures the amount of radiation dose received
  • thermoluminescent dosimeter (TLD) and optically stimulated luminescence dosimeter (OSL)
  • exchanged monthly or quarterly
18
Q

Dosimeter locations

A
  • worn at waist or chest level
  • on a pregnant worker, a second one is at the waist level
  • during a fluoroscopic procedure, the dosimeter is on the outside of the lead apron and thyroid collar
19
Q

How do rad. techs. protect themselves from radiation?

A
  • always wearing personnel monitoring devices
  • the use of mechanical holding devices such as compression bands, sponges, sandbags, and tape
20
Q

What are the 3 cardinal principles of radiation protection?

A
  • time: minimizing the time of exposure
  • distance: standing as far from the source as possible
  • shielding: standing behind protective devices or in the control barrier booth
21
Q

Primary radiation definition, travel pattern, and energy level

A
  • x-ray beam that leaves the tube and is not attenuated except by air
  • starts at tube target and expands into cone shaped beam; is predictable
  • controlled by kilovoltage setting
22
Q

Scatter radiation definition, travel pattern, and energy level

A
  • scattered or created as a result of the attenuation of the primary bean by matter
  • travels in all different directions
  • less energy than primary beam
23
Q

Remnant radiation definition, travel pattern, and energy level

A
  • what remains of the primary beam after attenuation by matter
  • continuation of primary beam
  • pattern of intensity creates radiographic image
24
Q

Where is the safest place to stand inside the fluoroscopy room?

A

behind the radiologist

25
Q

Pregnant technologist precautions

A
  • have to inform employer of pregnancy to start the new dose limitations
  • dose limitations are 0.5 mSv per month and 5 mSv during gestation
  • a second dosimeter must be worn at waist level
26
Q

Effective management of pregnant workers depend on what?

A
  • the rights of the expecting mother and no discrimination based on sex
  • the wellbeing of the baby
  • the needs of the employer
27
Q

Positive Beam Limitation (PBL) characteristics

A
  • automatically adjust to the size of the IR
  • can be overridden by a special key
28
Q

Shielding characteristics

A
  • flat gonadal shield is the most commonly used one
  • state law in NJ
  • always try to shield as much as possible
  • 1 mm of lead that absorbs 95-99% of rays in the kVp range of 50-100
29
Q

What is the most commonly used dose unit in the US?

A

centi-gray (cGy)

30
Q

What is BERT?

A
  • background equivalent radiation time
  • “natural” radiation like sunlight or fluorescent lights
31
Q

What is Coulombs / Kilogram used for?

A

sometimes used to measure exposure but air Kerma is the preferred unit

32
Q

What is Becquerel (Bq)?

A

a unit of radioactivity

Radiation Protection (1 decks)

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