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4th week > radiation protection > Flashcards

radiation protection Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 3 basic principals to always keep in mind in order to protect yourself while working

A

time
distance
shielding

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2
Q

who evaluates information on biologic effects and provides recommendations on dose limits introduced the concept of AlARA

A

ICRP

International Council on Radiation Protection

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3
Q

Reviews ICRP regulations and chooses US radiation protection criteria

A

NCRP

National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurement

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4
Q

Regulates the design and manufacture of diagnostic radiologic equipment as well as conducts onsite inspections of equipment

A

FDA

Food and Drug Admin

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5
Q

functions as a monitoring agency in places of employment and regulates occupational exposure to radiation

A

OSHA

Occupational Safety and Health Administration

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6
Q

Every x-ray tube must be contained w/in a protective housing that reduces radiation leakage to less than _ at a distance of _ from the housing

A

10 mr/hr

1 meter

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7
Q

A room’s SID indicator must be accurate to w/in _ of the indicated SID

A

2%

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8
Q

the x-ray beam and light beam must coincide to w/in _ of the SID

A

2%

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9
Q

for any given technique radiation output should be constant from one exposure to another. Reproducibility of x-ray exposure should not exceed _ intensity change

A

5%

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10
Q

when different mA stations are used and exposure time is adjusted for constant mAs, output radiation intensity should remain constant. The max. acceptable variation in linearity is _ change

A

10%

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11
Q

kV must be accurate to w/in _ kv of that set on the control panel

A

4

5% varience

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12
Q

a protective lead apron should be assigned to each portable machine. The exposure switch of a portable x-ray machine must allow the operator to remain at least _ meters from the tube during exposure

A

2 meters

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13
Q

the purpose of adding filtration to an x-ray beam is to _ of the beam and to _ patient dose by filtering out low energy x-ray that have little chance of getting to the image receptor.

A

increase quality

patient dose

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14
Q

what reduces both ESE and organ dose

A

filtration

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15
Q

by eliminating the weaker photons in the beam, the average beam energy is actually

A

increased

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16
Q

filtration of the ray beam has two components

A

inherent and added filtration

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17
Q

the glass window of the tube and the insulating oil surroundng the x-ray tube create_

A

inherent filtration

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18
Q

inherent filtration measures

A

0.5 mm/Al equivalent

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19
Q

a 1.0 Al plate and the 1.0 mm/Al equivalent collimator mirror comprise the tubes

A

added filtration

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20
Q

what is the total for added filtration

A

2.0

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21
Q

total filtration =

A

inherent + Added filtration

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22
Q

total filtration of general purpose x-ray tubes that operate at over _kV is

A

70

2.5 mm/Al equivalent

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23
Q

is used to determine the tubes total filtration is the amount of filtration that redices the intensity of the x-ray beam to half of its original value

A

1/2 value layer

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24
Q

HVL is measured

A

annually

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25
Q

there is an opening in the table at the gonadal level for the moving of the Bucky tray

A

buck slot cover

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26
Q

bucky slot cover needs to be covered with at least

A

.25 mm/Pb eq

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27
Q

protective curtain of at east

A

0.25 mm/Pb eq

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28
Q

protective curtain should be positioned between the

A

fluoroscopist and the patient

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29
Q

what is the main source of radiation during a fluoro exam

A

scatter from pt.’s body

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30
Q

since the pt is constantly being irradiated during fluoroscopy the mA range used is between

A

2 and 5, this helps lower pt dose

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31
Q

an audible signal will sound when fluoro time has exceeded 5 min during an exam

A

fluoro timer

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32
Q

the intensity of the beam should not exceed _ w/standard fluoro a _ with high level fluoro (angiography and c-arms)

A

10 R/min

20 R/min

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33
Q

the x-ray beam actually pulses on and off in quick succession in order to reduce pt dose.

A

pulse fluoro

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34
Q

this has the added effect of increasing tube life

A

pulse fluoro

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35
Q

when the fluoroscopist shuts off the x-ray beam, the last image on the monitor remains there. Again this reduces pt dose

A

last image hold

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36
Q

min. source to skin distance
fixed fluoro
mobile fluoro

A

15”

12”

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37
Q

fluoroscopy units must be operated with a

A

dead mans switch

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38
Q

one should be assigned to each portable machine in order to protect the radiographer

A

lead aprons

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39
Q

exposure switch cord should be at least

A

2 meters

6ft long

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40
Q

where to stand during the exposure

A

tech should stand at a 90 degree angle to the pt

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41
Q

this prevents the primary beam from escaping the room. Walls that are struck by the primary beam must have _ which extends from the floor up to

A

1.6 mm Pb/eq
7’
1/16”

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42
Q

prevents secondary radiation from escaping the room. Walls and doors that are to be struck by the secondary beam must have

A

.8 mm Pb/eq

1/32”

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43
Q

what is considered a secondary barrier

A

control booth barrier

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44
Q

the lead glass window must have

A

1.5 mm Pb/eq

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45
Q

lead aprons and gloves must be at least _ Pb/eq

fluoro, the lead aprons must be _ Pb/eq

A

.25 mm Pb/eq

.5 mm Pb/eq

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46
Q

protective glasses must be at least _ mm Pb/eq

A

.35 mm Pb/eq

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47
Q

thyroid shield must be at least _ mm Pb/eq

A

0.5

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48
Q

most commonly used to detect radioactive contamination

A

Geiger-Mueller counter

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49
Q

commonly used to measure primary beam for purposes of equipment evaluation

A

Ionization chamber (cutie Pie)

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50
Q

this is the basis for the gamma camera in nuclear medicine and is used in the detector arrays of ct imaging systems.

A

scintillation detectors

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51
Q

used to detect alpha and beta particles

A

proprtional counter

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52
Q

most commonly used & measures radiation that passes through a thin strip of aluminum oxide. When read, its struck by a laser light, then luminesces in proportion to the amount of radiation exposure received.

A

OSL

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53
Q

OSL is read

A

quarterly

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54
Q

OSL contains

A

aluminum, copper tin

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55
Q

contains tow pieces of film in a light tight envelope. Radiation exposure is measured by checking the optical density of the film

A

film badges

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56
Q

film badges are read

A

after 1 month use

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57
Q

contains a crystalline form of lithium fluoride which stores energy when exposed to radiation. When it is heated in order to read it, the heat causes crystals to emit light in proportion to the radiation that has struck the dosimeter. The crystals then return to their natural state and can be reused

A

TLD

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58
Q

TLD’s are read

A

quarterly

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59
Q

THIS IS THE MOST RADIOSENSITIVE TYPE of personnel dosimeter. It contain an ionization chamber that measures radiation exposure. It’s reusable and provides an immediate reading. It is often used by employees of nuclear power plants

A

Pocket Ionization Chamber PIC

60
Q

PICs are read

A

daily

61
Q

Occupational Exposure Effective dose
Annual
cumulative

A

5 rem

1 rem x age

62
Q

equivalent annual dose for tissues and organs
Lens of eye
Thyroid, skin, hands, and feet

A

15 rem

50 rem

63
Q

Public annual exposure

A

.5 rem

64
Q

child under 18

A

.1 rem

65
Q

fetus total dose

monthly dose

A

.5 rem

.05 rem

66
Q

radiation that is capable of removing an electron from an atom. This creates both positively and negatively charged particles

A

Ionizing radiation

67
Q

the study of the effects of radiation on living tissue

A

radiobiology

68
Q

occurs when ionizing radiation directly strikes the DNA or RNA (target molecule) of a cell, disrupting cell function. The most common result of this is that it has no effect at all on the cell, however, sometimes it may cause mutations or even cell death

A

direct effect (action)

69
Q

since cells are mostly made of water, the probability that it will be ionized by radiation is greater. This can cause the water molecule to form a hydrogen peroxide molecule which is toxic to the cells. Again, the most common result of radiolysis is that it has no effect but it can cause the creation of free radicals in the water molecules of the cell

A

indirect effect (action)

70
Q

a molecule containing a single unpaired electron in its outermost shell. Free radicals are unstable, highly reactive and can do a great deal of damage to other molecules. This process can be reversible: ionized atoms can become neutral again by attracting a free electron and molecules can be mended by repair enzymes

A

free radicals

71
Q

the average annual dose of radiation for Americans is _ and stems from 2 sources

A

360 mrems

Natural and Manmade

72
Q

Natural radiation accounts for

A

49%

73
Q

manmade accounts for

A

51%

74
Q

from radioactive materials in the crust of the earth

A

terrestrial radiation

75
Q

examples for terrestrial radiation is

A

uranium, radium, thorium, radon

76
Q

what is responsible for 49% of all US radiation exposure

A

Radon Gas

77
Q

From the sun and solar system and the greatest intensity occurs at high altitudes

A

cosmic radiation

78
Q

from radioactive atoms that make up a small % of the body’s tissues

A

internal radiation

79
Q

Manmade radiation consists of

A

medical and industrial

80
Q

what are the largest sources of artificial radiation

A

x-rays and nuclear medicine

81
Q

consumer products that contain radiation

A

airport survelliance systems
ionization smoke alarms
luminous timepiece dials
porcelain denture

82
Q

biologic effects are related to the radiation absorbed dose,

A

Rad (Gray/Gy)

83
Q

1 rad= _Gy

1Gy= _rad

A

0.01

100

84
Q

what is used to express the quantity of radiation received by radiation workers and populations. some types of radiation produces more damage than x-rays

A

REM (Seivert/Sv)

85
Q

_=quality factor x rad

A

Rem

86
Q

1 rem= _ Sv

1 Sv= _Rem

A

.01

100

87
Q

what applies to x-rays and gamma rays and their interactions with air. Radiation monitors and the output of x-ray imaging systems

A

Roentgen/coulumb/kg

88
Q

a unit of the quantity of radioactive material and radioactive decay of that material

A

Curie/Ci (BQ)

89
Q

states that the radiosensitivity of cells varies with the maturation, metabolism and differentiation of the cells

A

law of B & T

90
Q

Law of B &T
stem cells are _, mature cells are _
cells with high metabolic activity and high growth rate are _
complex or highly specialized cells are

A

radiosensitive, radioresistant
radiosensitive
radioresistant

91
Q

what is a measure of the rate at which energy is transferred from ionizing radiation to soft tissue. It is a method of expressing potential biologic damage from radiation

A

linear energy transfer

92
Q

the LET of diagnostic x-rays is appx

A

3 keV/micrometer

93
Q

the ability of radiation to produce a biologic response (damage_ increases as the LET of the radiation

A

increases

94
Q

when LET is high, ionization are _, so damage is

A

high

high

95
Q

what is designed to compare the doses of different types of radiation needed to produce the same biologic effect

A

Relative Biologic Effectiveness

96
Q

RBE =

A

test radiation

97
Q

Diagnostic x-rays have an RBE of

A

1

98
Q

Radiation with a lower LET than x-rays have an RBE of less than

A

1

99
Q

those with a higher LET have an RBE of more than

A

1

100
Q

tissue is more sensitive to radiation when irradiated in an oxygenated or aerobic state

A

oxygen effect

101
Q

demonstrate graphically the relationship between the amount of radiation absorbed by a subject and the amount of damage observed

A

dose response relationships

102
Q

the point at which biologic effects are observed when a radiation dose is administered

A

threshold

103
Q

a relationship in which any radiation dose can produce a biologic effect

A

nonthreshold

104
Q

when the radiation dose is doubled the response to radiation is doubled

A

linear

105
Q

responses will increase rapidly or taper off as dose increases

A

non-linear

106
Q

biologic effects that will be handed down to generations yet unborn

A

genetic effects of radiation

107
Q

this is the average annual gonadal dose to members of a population who are of childbearing age.

A

GSD

108
Q

In the US, the GSD is

A

20 mrem

109
Q

when living organisms that have been exposed to radiation suffer biologic damage

A

somatic effects

110
Q

what are divided into early and late, nonstochastic and stochastic effects

A

somatic effects

111
Q

are observable within minutes to months of radiation exposure and are always nonstochastic

A

early effects

112
Q

are observable 6 months or more after radiation exposure. Late effects can either be stochastic or non stochastic

A

late effects

113
Q

are randomly occurring mutational changes that are not dependent on dose amount. the more times you receive radiation the better your chances of receiving an effect and are always late effects

A

stochastic effects

114
Q

stochastic effects are always

A

late effects

115
Q

nonstochastic and early effects

A

erythmia, ARS, Epilation, and desquamation,

116
Q

linear, nonthreshold late effects

A

cancer,leukemia, cataracts

117
Q

nonlinear, threshold late effects

A

cataracts, organ atrophy, sterility, 50/30, and 50/60

118
Q

this system is the most radiosensitive in the body. It manufactures the elements of blood in the bone marrow and obtains the lymph nodes, spleen, and thymus.

A

Hemopoietic

119
Q

what are a subcategory of white blood cells

A

lymphocytes

120
Q

lymphocytes live for only _hrs and are the most radiosensitive cells in the body

A

24

121
Q

the lining of the GI tract divides very rapidly and is thus considered very radiosensitive

A

gastrointestinal system

122
Q

-% of the cells lining of the intestines are replaced every day

A

50

123
Q

what is the most sensitive section of the GI tract

A

small bowel

124
Q

reproductive cells are extremely _ radiation.

A

sensitive

125
Q

what are second to lymphocytes in radiosensitivity

A

sperm cells

126
Q

skin replaces itself only _%

A

2 % daily

127
Q

eyes and thyroid are

A

radiosensitive

128
Q

the fetus is the most sensitive during the

A

first trimester

129
Q

what are possible biological effects of radiation during pregnancy

A

prenatal death, congenital abnormalities, malignancy induction, general growth impairment and mental retardation

130
Q

the sequence of events after high radiation exposure, usually leading to death within weeks

A

Acute radiation syndrome

131
Q

There are 3 different dose related conditions associated with ARS

A

Hemotologic syndrome
Gastrointestinal syndrome
central nervous system syndrome

132
Q

syndrome is characterized by a reduction in the number of platelets and both red and white blood cells and loses its ability to defend against infection

A

hematologic syndrome

133
Q

hematologic syndrome the minimum whole body dose is

A

200 rad

134
Q

death usually occurs because of severe damage to the lining of the intestine

A

GI syndrome

135
Q

Gi syndrome the min. whole body dose

A

5000 rad

136
Q

what are the 3 periods related to ARS

A

prodromal
latent
manifest

137
Q

consists of acute symptoms within an hour or two of exposure and can continue for a day or two

A

prodromal pd

138
Q

subject is free of visible effects, last for a few hours to a couple of weeks

A

latent period

139
Q

dose related period in which the subject displays the effects of the 3 ARS syndromes

A

manifest Illness

140
Q

follows a nonlinear, threshold dose response relationship

A

ARS seath

141
Q

the dose of radiation to the whole body that will result in death to 50% irradiated subjects within 60 days

A

50/60

142
Q

the LD 50/60 in humans is

A

350 rad

143
Q

Death
anatomic site
min. dose

A

whole body

100

144
Q

Erythema
anatomic site
min. dose

A

small field

200

145
Q

Epilation
anatomic site
min. dose

A

small field

300

146
Q

gonadal dysfunction
anatomic site
min. dose

A

small field

10

4th week (1 decks)

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