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CEDO > Radiation Physics > Flashcards

Radiation Physics Flashcards

1
Q

radiation comes in the form of?

A

high speed particulate or energy travelling in electromagnetic waves

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2
Q

The main difference between forms of electromagnetic energy is their?

A

frequency and wavelength

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3
Q

The primary parts of an atom are?

A 
Proton (p):
• located in the nucleus of an atom
• heavy
• positively charged (+1)
Neutron (n):
• located in the nucleus of an atom
• heavy
• no electric charge
Electron (e):
• located in orbit (shells) around the nucleus
• light
• negative charge (-1)
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4
Q

Electron shells are lettered?

A

K to Q

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5
Q

The change of binding energy based on the the distance the orbiting electrons are to the nucleus is ?

A

Coulomb’s Law

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6
Q

total number of protons in a nucleus is known as?

A

Atomic Number (Z)

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7
Q

total number of neutrons and protons in a nucleus is known as?

A

Atomic Weight/Mass number (A)

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8
Q

To determine the number of neutrons in a nucleus you ?

A

Take the Atomic Weight/Mass Number (A) and subtract it by the Atomic Number (Z). N= A-Z

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9
Q

Isotopes are?

A

Atoms of the same element and chemical characteristics but with different mass numbers

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10
Q

Why are some isotopes unstable?

A

They have too many or too few neutrons

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11
Q

Isotopes do what to stabilize the number of Protons and Neutrons?

A

Emit Alpha or Beta particles

capture orbital electrons

emit gamma radiation

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12
Q

What does X radiation come from

A

X-rays result from the transfer of energy between the high speed interaction of electrons and a dense target material

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13
Q

What does gamma radiation come from?

A

emitted from the unstable atom and cannot be controlled.

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14
Q

What are the 3 ways artificial isotopes are made?

A

Neutron activation
Fission product separation
Charged particle production

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15
Q

What is an Ion?

A

any atom or molecule which has a resultant electric

charge due to loss or gain of valence electrons (electrons that orbit near the outer shell of the atom)

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16
Q

What is the 4th state of matter

A

Plasma- When Gases are almost completely ionized

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17
Q

What is an ion pair?

A

Formed from a neutral atom or molecule by the action of radiation, or any other agency that supplies energy. Consist of a positive and negative ion charged to the same magnitude

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18
Q

What is ionization?

A

process of adding electrons to, or removing electrons from, atoms or molecules.

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19
Q

Ionizing action of Xrays produce what effects?

A

Biological effects
Chemical effects
Cause certain materials to fluoresce
Ionizes gases and conducts electricity

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20
Q

Some important properties of X-radiation and Gamma radiation are?

A 
Travels in straight lines 
Not affected by electrical or magnetic fields
Can't be focused
Will affect photo emulsions 
Damage or kill living cells 
Can't be detected by human senses
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21
Q

What is Radioactivity?

A

The emission of radiation from an unstable atom

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22
Q

What is an Alpha Particle?

A 
Large and slow particle 
can't penetrate a dead layer of skin 
harmful if ingested or inhaled
stopped by thin sheet of paper
Most ionizing, least penetrating
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23
Q

What is a Beta Particle?

A

comes from decay of either proton or neutron
Light with high velocity
will travel several 100’s of centimetres
can absorbed by a few millimetres of aluminum, a layer of clothing or 1 cm of skin

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24
Q

What is Neutron Radiation

A

particle radiation with the same mass as a proton but no electrical charge
most efficient shielding is water or other hydrogenous material, NOT LEAD
Used for Neutron Radiography

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25
Q

What is Gamma Radiation?

A

Electromagnetic Radiation with very high energy
Can travel up 100 meters in air or more
highly penetrating and ionizing

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26
Q

What are the 3 common Industrial Isotopes?

A

Iridium-192
Cobalt-60
Selenium-75

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27
Q

How does cobalt-59 and iridium-191 become radioactive?

A

They are put in a reactor and bombarded with fissioned neutrons until one is captured creating cobalt-60 and Iridium-192

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28
Q

What is Radioactivity measured in?

A

CGS: Curie Ci 3.7x10^10 disintegrations per second
SI: Becquerel Bq 1Bq= 1 disintegrations per second

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29
Q

What is specific activity?

A

measure of concentration of radioactive material
CGS: Curie(Ci) per gram SI:Becquerels(Bq) per gram
Small the source—> the sharper the image
small the source—> less self absorption within the isotope

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30
Q

What is characteristic activity?

A

Amount of Radioactivity measured at 1 metre
CGS: Sieverts per hour @ 1 metre
SI: Roentgen per hour @ 1 metre

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31
Q

What are the 3 main Isotopes used and what are their Characteristic Intensities

A

Selenium-75 CGS: 200mR/hr@1m SI: 0.05mSv/hr@1m
Iridium-192 CGS: 550mR/hr@1m SI: 0.15mSv/hr@1m
Cobalt-60 CGS: 1350mR/hr@1m SI: 0.36mSv/hr@1m

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32
Q

What is the equation for Intensity?

A

Intensity = Source Activity x Characteristic Intensity

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33
Q

What does RAD stand for and what are the Units?

A

Radiation Absorbed Dose
CGS: RAD SI: Gray(Gy)
1Gray = 100 RADS

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34
Q

What is Quality Factor?

A

Effects on tissue based on the type of radiation(QF)
formally relative biological effectiveness (RBE)
XRays, Gamma Rays, electrons, Beta particles: 1
Neutrons less energy than 10KeV : 3
Neutrons more energy than 10KeV: 10
Protons : 5
Alpha Particles : 20
Fission fragments, Recoil Nuclei : 20

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35
Q

What is Dose Equivalent?

A

CGS: Roentgen Equivalant Man (REM)
SI: Sievert
Dose Equivalent = Radiation x the quality factor

CGS: REM = RAD x QF
SI: Sievert = Gray x QF

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36
Q

What is Half-Life?

A

Time taken by a specific Isotope for the activity to decay by one half level

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37
Q

What are the 3 main Isotopes and their half-life?

A

Iridium-192 is 74 days
Cobalt-60 is 5.3 years
Selenium-74 is 120 days

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38
Q

What is the equation for Half life?

A 
A2= A2/ 2^n
A2= new activity
A1= original activity
n= number of half-lives
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39
Q

What are the 5 types of radiation monitoring devices

A 
Survey Meter
Direct Reading Dosimeter (DRD)
Thermoluminescent Dosimeter (TLD)
Optically Stimulated Luminescence Dosimeter (OSL)
Alarming Dosimeter
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40
Q

What is radiation intensity/dose rate

A

energy which is absorbed by any matter placed in a radiation beam
CGS: Roentgen per hour
SI: Sieverts per hour

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41
Q

Definition of exposure

A

quantity of radiation incident upon an object. It is the
quantity of electric charge produced per unit mass of air
CGS: Roengtens
metric/other: coulomb/kilogram

42
Q

Survey Meter

A

must be capable of measuring
20microsieverts/hr to 100 millisieverts/hr

must have battery check function
must be calibrated in last 12 months
most important field instrument 
measures charge from ion pairs created in a gas by radiation
measures Gamma radiation
43
Q

Direct Reading Dosimeter (DRD)

A 
Looks and carried like a pen
Must be calibrated every 12 months
Works on Ion chamber principals
recharge and record at the start and end of each shift
worn on the trunk of the body
44
Q

Advantages of DRD

A

Tough and low maintenance
small and clips to clothing
weatherproof
easily read by user anytime

45
Q

Disadvantages of DRD

A

Limited range usually below 5mSv
No permanent record
can give false readings

46
Q

Thermoluminescent Dosimeters (TLD)

A

monitors both skin and body
contains aluminum planchet aluminum foil and 2 lithium fluoride crystals
phased out 2009

47
Q

Optically Stimulated Luminescence Dosimeter (OSL)

A

Replaced TLDs
A thin strip of aluminium oxide (Al2O3) is sandwiched within a multi-element filter pack
Clips between waist and neck

X & Gamma-ray = 10 microSv to 10 Sv
(1 mrem to 1000 rem)

Beta Particle = 100 microSv to 10 Sv
(10 mrem to 1000 rem)

48
Q

Advantages of OSL

A

Can measure the background dose and possible high doses in case of an emergency

Tough with low maintenance

Accumulates very high doses and can therefore be used for a reasonable period of time.

Provides a permanent record

Range is limitless

49
Q

Disadvantages of OSL

A

Must be sent away with a consequent delay in receiving dose information

50
Q

Objectives of the dosimetry service

A

estimates doses received by worker and keeps records on a national basis

To report to subscribing organizations the
individual doses received

To draw to the attention of the
managers and government agencies, the dose records of those radiation workers
whose absorbed dose has exceeded the regulatory limits.

51
Q

What are the steps of the dosimetry service cycle

A
  1. Wear the dosimeter
  2. Return the dosimeter at the end of the wearing period to Health Canada or National or International Org
  3. Dosimeter is analyzed and processed. Then a exposure report is sent to you containing previous two weeks dose, quarterly for the year dose and lifetime dose
  4. Dose info is sent to the National Dose Registry
  5. Worker notifies of changes to account (if Req’d)
  6. Dosimeter is prepared and to shipped to you
52
Q

Personal Alarming Dosimeter

A 
Must be worn when using gamma radiation
must alarm at 5mSv/hour or total dose of 2mSv/hour
must be calibrated with 12 months
worn on trunk 
cant be used instead of survey meter
53
Q

4 types of biological effects from radiation

A

Acute
Chronic
Somatic
Genetic

54
Q

What are Acute Effects

A

Prompt effects from large doses of radiation
occurs within hours, days or weeks of radiation
(ie radiation burns or sickness)

55
Q

What are Chronic Effects

A

long term effects that take years or generations to appear (ie cancer, cataracts, genetic defects in children or grand children)

56
Q

What are somatic effects

A

delayed radiation injury to work but not reproductive cells

57
Q

what are genetic effects

A

radiation exposure that results in some chromosome damage

long term genetic effects can be caused by extremely low radiation doses and occur independently of the actual intensity

58
Q

10 sieverts dose will cause

A

death to all people

59
Q

5 sieverts dose will cause

A

50% of people will die with 30 days

60
Q

2 to 4 sieverts dose will cause

A

certain disability and injury, possible death

61
Q

1 to 2 sieverts dose will cause

A

injury, possible disability

62
Q

0.5 to 1 sieverts dose will cause

A

blood and cell changes , some injury , no disability

63
Q

0.25 to 0.5 sieverts dose will cause

A

possible temporary blood changes

64
Q

0 to 0.25 sieverts dose will cause

A

nothing

65
Q

What is the latent period

A

time after the initial radiation exposure until the effects of the radiation become visible

66
Q

what is the recovery period

A

Following exposure to radiation, recovery can and does take place to a certain extent.
This is particularly true with acute effects

67
Q

what are radio-responsive tissues

A

Blood forming organs – bone marrow, spleen, etc
Sex organs – gonads
Other tissues – liver, lens of eye

68
Q

what are radio-resistant tissues

A 
Connective tissue – tendons, ligaments
Muscle
Fat
Bone
Nerves, brain
69
Q

What are factors that influence the extent of biological damage

A 
Total amount of radiation absorbed
Type of radiation
Rate of absorption
Area exposed
Individual variability
Relative sensitivity of cells and tissue
70
Q

What are the most used materials for shielding

A 
Uranium
Lead
Tungsten
Steel
Concrete
71
Q

What’s Half Value Layer (HVL)

A

The thickness of a material which reduces the radiation to 1/2 its density

72
Q

What’s Tenth Value Layer (TVL)

A

The thickness of a material which reduces the radiation to 1/10 it’s intensity

73
Q

What’s the radiation barrier dose limit?

A

0.1 mSv/hr

74
Q

What’s the storage limit dose limit?

A

0.025 mSv/hr

75
Q

What’s the dose limit on the surface of device?

A

2 mSv/hr before use or upon installation of new source

76
Q

what reading on a new DRD would cause a stop to work and need for investigation?

A

2mSv/hr

77
Q

How often should a leak test be done?

A

once a year or upon a new source installation

200bq = withdraw device from use

78
Q

minimum length for long handle tongs

A

1.5 metres

79
Q

emergency tunnel shielding attenuation factor

A

100

80
Q

source tag must be made of ________ and inscribed with ________?

A 
made of steel or brass
inscribed with :
name quantity in becquerels
date of Bq measurement
form of substance in device
81
Q

Safety Inventory check list

A 
Survey meter battery level
Audible alarms battery levels
calibration stickers for survey meter, audible alarms and DRD
1.5 meter tongs
bolt cutters
emergency tunnel
go-no-go gauge tester
decay chart
source ID tag
82
Q

which effect represents the complete absorption of the energy from the gamma ray and drives the electron free of its orbit?

A

Photoelectric Effect

83
Q

which effect represents the electron being ejected and the scattered energy remaining from the ray speed
off making additional collisions with other electrons?

A

Compton Effect

84
Q

What document controls the transportation of nuclear substances?

A

Packing and transport of nuclear substances regulations

85
Q

What is the maximum permissible dose (MPD) for a Nuclear Energy Worker (NEW) for a 1 and 5 year period?

A

1 year 50mSv

5 Year 100mSv

86
Q

What is the MPD for a pregnant NEW ?

A

4mSv for the balance of the pregnancy

87
Q

What is the MPD for someone who isn’t a NEW ?

A

1mSv a year

88
Q

Whats the maximum dose allowed in a quarter year for a NEW as long as the annual limit is not exceeded?

A

30mSv

89
Q

In an emergency source retrieval what is the MPD to the body and skin?

A

Body: 500 mSv
Skin: 5000 mSv

90
Q

What type of packaging is used for most exposure devices?

A

Type B

91
Q

who is responsible for the proper packaging and that the source capsule is locked in the safe position and key removed?

A

The shipper

92
Q

When transporting radioactive material what must be placarded to the vehicle

A

diamond shaped radioactive signs.

must be removed when not transporting

93
Q

All type B packing being transported requires approval from whom?

A

Canadian Nuclear Safety Commision (CNSC)

94
Q

What is issued by the CNSC that approves transport of the type b device?

A

a certificate that describes the device and states the allowable contents

95
Q

What are four steps to follow when in an emergency situation

A
  1. Stop and Think
  2. Verify source location
  3. Establish barriers
  4. Advise the Radiation Safety Officer (RSO)
96
Q

On source retraction and there is no sudden increase , where is the source?

A

likely in the collimator

97
Q

On source retraction and there is a sudden increase but no drop off , where is the source

A

most likely in the guide tube

98
Q

on a source retraction the levels increase and then decrease but not at guide tube end of the exposure device, wear is the source

A

in the device , just not in the fully shielded position

99
Q

whats the sequence for connecting a exposure device together?

A
  1. drive cable to camera
  2. collimator to source guide tube
  3. source guide tube to camera
100
Q

what are the basic steps to doing and exposure shot

A
  1. survey meter verification
  2. survey exposure device
  3. examine all equipment(follow company sign out procedures)
  4. affix film numbers and penetrometers
  5. move and secure collimeter into place
  6. establish and confirm source to film distance
  7. locate and secure film into place
  8. connect the drive cable and source guide tube(go-no-go gauge)
  9. layout drive and source cables
  10. locate and employ additional shielding where possible
  11. employ barriers and guards
  12. unlock exposure device once area is secured
  13. rapidly crank source to exposure position
  14. time the exposure
  15. rapidly retract source into exposure device
  16. lock and secure exposure device (ensure is in fully shielded position)
  17. store the equipment

CEDO (1 decks)

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