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ROENTGENOLOGY > Radiation Physics > Flashcards

Radiation Physics Flashcards

1
Q

2 parts of an atom

A

Orbiting electron and nucleus

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2
Q

Contains equal number of protons and electrons

A

Neutral atom

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3
Q

Dense core of the atom

A

Nucleus

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4
Q

Nucleus is composed of

A

Neutrons and protons

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5
Q

Number of protons and neutron determines the ?

A

Mass number or atomic weight

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6
Q

Number of protons equals the number of electrons determines the?

A

Atomic number

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7
Q

Tiny, negatively charged particles that have very little mass

A

Electrons

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8
Q

Electrons travel around the nucleus in well defined paths known?

A

Orbits/shell

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9
Q

Binding energy or binding force of an electron ( maintains electrons in their orbits)

A

Electrostatic force

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10
Q

Electrostatic force is measured by ?

A

Electron-volts (eV) or kilo-electron volts (keV)

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11
Q

Two or more atoms joined by chemical bonds

A

Molecules

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12
Q

Formed by transfer of electrons or by sharing of electrons between the outermost shells of atom

A

Molecules

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13
Q

When matter is altered, the result is?

A

Energy

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14
Q

An atom that gains or loses an electron

A

Ions

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15
Q

Process of converting atom into ions

A

Ionization

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16
Q

It requires sufficient energy to overcome the electrostatic force that binds the electron to the nucleus

A

Ionization

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17
Q

Electron is removed from an atom wherein the atom become the positive ion and the ejected ion becomes the negative ion

A

Ion pair

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18
Q

Emission and propagation of energy through space or a substance in the form of waves or particles

A

Radiation

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19
Q

Process by which certain unstable atoms or elements undergo spontaneous disintegration or decay in an effort to attain a more balance nuclear state

A

Radioactivity

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20
Q

Gives off energy in the form of particles or Rays as a result of the disintegration of the atomic nuclei

A

Radioactive substance

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21
Q

Radiation capable of producing ions by removing or adding an electron to an Atom

A

Ionizing radiation

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22
Q

2 types of ionizing radiation

A

Particulate radiation and electromagnetic radiation

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23
Q

Tiny particles of matter that possess mass and travel in straight line at high speeds

A

Particulate radiation

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24
Q

Transmit kinetic energy by means of their extremely fast-moving, small masses

A

Particulate radiation

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25
Q

Types of particulate radiation

A

Electrons. Alpha particles, protons , neutrons

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26
Q

Movement of energy through space as a combination of electric and magnetic fields

A

Electromagnetic radiation

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27
Q

Energy propagated is accompanied by oscillating electric and magnetic fields positioned at right angles to one another

A

Electromagnetic radiation

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28
Q

Move through space as both a particle and a wave

A

Electromagnetic radiation

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29
Q

2 concept of electromagnetic radiation

A

Particulate concept and wave concept

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30
Q

Concept where electromagnetic radiation are discrete bundles of energy called photons or quanta

A

Particle concept

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31
Q

Bundles of energy with no mass or weight that travel as waves at the speed of light and move through space in straight line

A

Photons or quanta

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32
Q

Concept where electromagnetic radiation are propagated in the form of waves with properties of velocity,wavelength and frequency

A

Wave concept

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33
Q

Speed of the wave or speed of light (186,000 miles per second)

A

Velocity

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34
Q

Distance between the crest of one wave to the crest of the next wave

A

Wavelength

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35
Q

Determines the energy and penetrating power of radiation

A

Wavelength (shorter the distance, the higher the energy and ability to penetrate)

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37
Q

Number of wavelengths that pass a given point in certain amount of time

A

Frequency ( high frequency=shorter wavelengths ;and vice versa )

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38
Q

High energy, ionizing electromagnetic radiation

A

X-radiation

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39
Q

Weightless bundles of energy without an electrical charge that travel in waves with specific frequency at the speed of light

A

X-Rays

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40
Q

TRUE or FALSE

X-Ray photons interact with materials and cause ionization

A

True

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41
Q

TRUE or FALSE

X-rays cannot be focused to a point and always diverge from a point

A

True

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42
Q

TRUE or FALSE

X-rays are sometimes absorbed by matter

A

False ( always)

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43
Q

TRUE or FALSE

X-rays can cause all substances to fluoresce or emit radiation In longer wavelength

A

False (certain substance only)

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44
Q

Allows for movement and positioning of the tube head

A

Extension arm

45
Q

Tightly seal, heavy metal housing that contains the X-ray tube

A

X-ray tube head

46
Q

Protects the X-ray tube and grounds the high voltage component

A

Metal housing

47
Q

Prevents overheating by absorbing the heat created by the production of X-rays

A

Insulating oil

48
Q

Acts as a filter to the X-ray beam

A

Tube head seal

49
Q

Device that alters the voltage of incoming electricity

A

Transformer

50
Q

Filter out the non penetrating, longer wavelength X-rays

A

Aluminum disks (0.5 mm thick of aluminum)

52
Q

How many volts does filament circuit uses

A

3-5 volts

54
Q

Lead plate with central hole that fits directly over the opening of the metal housing where the X-ray exit

A

Lead collimator

55
Q

Restricts and reshapes the size of the X-ray beam

A

Lead collimator

56
Q

Aims and shales the X-ray beam

A

Position indicating device

57
Q

Heart of the X-ray generating system

A

X-ray tube

58
Q

Leaded glass vacuum tube that prevents X-rays from escaping in all direction and with a window to permit the X-ray beam to exit the tube

A

Leaded glass housing

59
Q

Supplies the electrons necessary to generate X-ray (X-ray produced are accelerated toward the anode)

A

Cathode

60
Q

2 components of cathode

A

Tungsten filament and molybdenum cup

61
Q

2 electrical circuits used in X-ray production

A

Filament circuit and high voltage circuit

63
Q

Focuses the electrons into a narrow beam and directs the beam across the tube toward the tungsten target of the anode

A

Molybdenum cup

65
Q

Converts electrons into X-ray photons

A

Anode

66
Q

Produces the electrons when heated

A

Tungsten filament

67
Q

2 component of anode

A

Tungsten target and copper stem

68
Q

Dissipated the heat away from the tungsten target

A

Copper stem

69
Q

Energy used to make X-rays

A

Electricity

70
Q

Flow of electrons through a conductor

A

Electrical current

71
Q

Measurement of the number of electrons moving through a conductor

A

Amperage or milliamperage

72
Q

Measurement of electrical force that caused electrons to move from a negative pole to a positive one

A

Voltage

73
Q

Located on the control panel, increases or decreases the number of electrons passing through the cathode filament

A

Milliamperage adjustment

74
Q

Regulates the flow of the electrical current to the filament of the X-ray tube (controlled by milliampere settings)

A

Filament circuit

75
Q

Controls the current passing from cathode to the anode

A

Kilovoltage peak adjustment

76
Q

How many volts does the high voltage circuit uses ?

A

65,000 - 100,000 volts

77
Q

Provides the high voltage to accelerate electrons and generate X-rays in the X-ray tube (controlled by kilovoltage settings)

A

High voltage circuit

78
Q

Device used to either increase or decrease the voltage and the electrical circuit

A

Transformers

79
Q

3 types of transformers

A

> step down transformer
step up transformer
autotransformer

80
Q

Used to decrease the voltage from the incoming 110-220 line voltage to 3-5 volts

A

Step down transformer

81
Q

Used to increase the voltage from 110-220 line voltage to 65,000 to 100,000 volts

A

Step up transformer

82
Q

Serves as a voltage compensator that corrects minor fluctuations in the current

A

Autotransformer

83
Q

Types of X-ray produced

A

> general radiation/bremsstrahlung/ braking radiation

>characteristic radiation

84
Q

Primary source of X-ray photons from an X-ray tube, produces by sudden stopping or slowing of high speed electrons

A

General/braking radiation or bremsstrahlung

85
Q

Electron from the filament displaces an electron from the shell of tungsten atom and causes ionization of the atom (this is produced only at 70 kilovoltage peak equivalent to binding energy of k shell electron

A

Characteristic radiation

86
Q

3 types of x-radiation definitions

A

Primary, secondary and scatter radiation

87
Q

Penetrating X-ray beam that is produced at the target of the anode and exits the tube head (useful beam)

A

Primary radiation

88
Q

This is created when the primary radiation interacts with matter

A

Secondary radiation

89
Q

A result of an X-ray that has been deflected from its path by the interaction of matter

A

Scatter radiation

90
Q

X-ray photon collides with a tightly bound, inner shell electron and ejects it

A

Photoelectric effect (accounts for 30% of interactions of matter)

91
Q

Ejected electron absorbed by the other atom

A

Photoelectron

92
Q

2 types of scatter radiation

A

> Compton scatter

> coherent/classical/elastic/Thompson scattering

93
Q

X-ray photon collides with a loosely bound outer shell electron and gives up part of its energy to eject the electron from the orbit (X-ray photon loses energy and continues in a different direction)

A

Compton scatter (52% of interactions of matter)

94
Q

X-ray photon path is altered by matter , this occurs when a low energy photon interacts with outer shell electron (no change in atom and no ionization occurs)

A

Coherent scatter (8% of interactions)

95
Q

Interval of time during which the X-rays are produced (measured in impulses)

A

Exposure time ( 60 impulses = 1 second)

96
Q

Regulates the temperature of cathode filament

A

Tube current /milliamperage ( increase in milliamperage, increases the number of electrons produced)

97
Q

TRUE or FALSE

If milliamperage is increased, there must be decrease in exposure time

A

True

98
Q

TRUE or FALSE

Increasing the tube voltage,will decrease the penetrating ability of the X-ray beam (kvp)

A

False (will increase penetrating ability)

99
Q

This removes low frequency radiation

A

Filtration

100
Q

Used to reduce the size of the X-ray beam, and reduces the exposure area

A

Collimation

101
Q

TRUE or FALSE

Intensity of the beam is inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the source

A

True

102
Q

TRUE or FALSE

X-ray beam spreads out as it moves from the source

A

True

103
Q

TRUE or FALSE

The thickness of an absorber required to reduce one half the number of X-ray photon passing through it

A

True

104
Q

Increase the mean penetrating capability of X-ray beam while reducing the intensity

A

Aluminum filters

105
Q

Path of electrical current

A

Circuit

112
Q

TRUE or FALSE

X-rays travel in straight line and cannot be deflected or scattered

A

FALSE (can be deflected and scattered)

114
Q

Anything that occupies space and has a mass

A

Matter

115
Q

Serves as the focal spot and converts bombarding electrons into X-ray photons

A

Tungsten target

118
Q

Permits the exit of X-rays to the tube head

A

Tube head seal

138
Q

Fundamental unit of matter

A

Atom

ROENTGENOLOGY (4 decks)

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