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Radiation Health & Safety Flashcards

1
Q

What length do PID’s typically come in?

A

8 and 16 inches

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2
Q

Who should hold the film for a child that is unable to cooperate for a necessary dental x-ray?

A

The parent or caregiver

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3
Q

What is the position on the patient’s face where the central x-ray beam is aimed?

A

Point of entry

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4
Q

Premolar BW’s should include:

A

The distal half of the cuspid crown

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5
Q

After exposure to developing solution and rinsing, which is the next solution during film processing that is necessary to dip films into?

A

Fixer solution removes unexposed crystals from the film, creating the clear areas on the film.

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6
Q

What protective device should be worn by every patient that is having dental x-rays taken?

A

Lead aprons should be worn by every patient. The lead apron protects the vital organs from radiation exposure.

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7
Q

What type of radiation is due to faulty x-ray tubeheads?

A

Leakage radiation is when it escapes in different directions, due to faulty equipment.

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8
Q

What is the radiolucent line that extends through the area near the lower molars?

A

The mandibular canal houses the nerve tissue and appears radiolucent

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9
Q

What is the metal disk that acts as a filter, which has a small opening to allow x-ray beams to leave the tubehead?

A

Collimators reduce the size and shape of x-ray beams as they leave the tubehead, acting as a filter for the beam.

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10
Q

What type of film allows the entire dentition to be viewed on a single film?

A

Panoramic films

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11
Q

What type of device does digital radiography use to record images taken of the patient’s teeth?

A

Electronic sensors are used in lieu of standard x-ray films.

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12
Q

What step helps prevent a large radiolucent area near the palate as seen on panoramic x-rays?

A

Having the patient place their tongue on the roof of their mouth.

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13
Q

What method helps reduce exposure to radiation in all methods?

A

ALARA: As Low As Reasonably Achievable helps reduce radiation exposure.

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14
Q

What control adjusts the film shades of grey, black and white in an x-ray?

A

kVp settings adjusts the grey, black and white. A higher contrast in color will make fillings and pathology more obvious.

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15
Q

What amount of radiation produces very little chance of injury?

A

MPD, Maximum Permissible Dose. The limit for occupationally exposed individuals.

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16
Q

When the vertical angulation of the x-ray beam is to low, it will cause:

A

Elongation

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17
Q

What type of radiation effects are passed on to future generations?

A

Genetic radiation effects are due to damage of reproductive cells and are passed on to future generations.

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18
Q

Radiographs should be taken:

A

As needed. Each patient’s dental needs are different.

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19
Q

What settings control the density of an x-ray?

A

mA (milliamperage)will change how dense an x-rays appearance will be. Higher mA will result in darker film.

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20
Q

A thyroid collar:

A

Is designed to be apart from or attached to a lead apron during radiographs.

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21
Q

Processing solutions are considered to be:

A

Hazardous chemicals. Processing solutions should require PPE during handling and use of appropriate disposal methods.

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22
Q

What is a bundle of energy that has no weight or mass?

A

Photons

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23
Q

What makes it possible to produce duplicate sets of radiographs without additional radiation or the need to use a duplicating machine?

A

Using double film packets allows 2 films to be exposed at one time.

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24
Q

The ____ the wavelength, the greater the energy.

A

Shorter.

Shorter wavelengths have higher energy and penetrate matter easier than longer wavelengths.

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25
Who should hold the film for a child that is unable to cooperate for a necessary dental xray?
The parent or caregiver
26
Contrast of the xray is controlled by?
kVp
27
What is the amount of radiation energy that is absorbed by body tissue called?
Absorbed dose
28
The different shades of gray on an x-ray film is called:
Contrast
29
Density, or overall darkness of an xray is controlled by what setting?
mA
30
How many tanks are inside an automatic processor?
3 tanks: developer, fixer, and water tanks
31
X-rays are a type of what kind of radiation?
Electromagnetic radiation includes: radio, light, t.v., and xrays. The wavelengths are a straight line with wavelike motions.
32
What type of radiation occurs in large dosages in a short amount of time?
Acute radiation exposure: an example would be a nuclear accident.
33
Who is responsible for ordering dental radiographs on each patient?
The dentist
34
What type of PID provides less spread of x-ray beam radiation?
Long PIDs prevent spread of xray beams.
35
What improper placement can cause misdiagnosis on BW xrays?
Incorrect horizontal angulation can cause overlapping of proximal surfaces and lead to misdiagnosis.
36
What type of genetic radiation affects a parent but is not passed on to future generations?
Somatic radiation does not damage reproductive cells.
37
What part of the x-ray tubehead has a tungsten block inside a copper stem that acts as a target for electrons?
Anode
38
The aluminum filter in an xray tubehead fitlers out:
Longer wavelengths.
39
What is the metal disk that acts as a filter which has a small opening to allow x-ray beams to leave the tubehead?
Collimator
40
1 rad - ____ Gy.
0.01
41
Filtration of an x-ray beam with an aluminum disk:
Strengthens the beam.
42
How often should BW radiographs be prescribed by a doctor?
When necessary due to patient needs and predispositions
43
The white side of intraoral film should always face:
Toward the teeth. If place away, the lead film will interfere with the x-ray beam reaching the film inside the packet.
44
What is the period of time between exposure to radiation and the time when the effects become evident?
Latent period
45
If a film is not exposed long enough, when it is processed it will appear:
Too light
46
1 rem - ____ Sv.
0.01
47
White splotches on a developed xray may be due to:
Splashes of fixer on the film prior to processing
48
What is the radiolucent line area around the root of the tooth as it appears on the x-ray?
Periodontal ligament space
49
What is the MPD for an occupationally exposed pregnant woman?
0.005 Sv is the maximum permissible does for occupationally exposed pregnant women.
50
A wet reading can be done when the x-ray film is:
Removed from the fixer after 3 minutes
51
The longer a duplicating film is exposed to light the __ the film will become.
Lighter. | light passes through to the duplicating film, it makes it lighter, the opposite of dental xrays.
52
What is used to restrict the size and shape of an xray beam?
Collimation
53
Temperatures of developer chemicals in an automatic processor should range between:
80-95 degrees
54
The larger the size of crystals on a film, ___________.
The faster the film speed. | Large crystals are more sensitive and require less radiation.
55
What is the fastest intraoral film available
F-speed film
56
What is the recommended size of x-ray beams, which are targeted toward the patient's face for dental radiographs?
2.75"
57
What defines the overall blackness on a dental xray?
Density
58
FMX series consist of:
18-20 films, 14 PA's and 4-6 BWs
59
When mounting radiographs, the ADA recommends that the embossed dot should:
Face toward the practitioner. This allows the practitioner to determine which side of the film is up and which side fo the face it belongs to.
60
Where is the film placed when occlusal films are taken?
Directly against the occlusal surgace, with the patient gently biting on the film
61
After processing a film, it comes out completely clear. What is the probable cause?
X-ray machine did not expose the film.
62
What type of x-ray would be most appropriate to view the root apex of tooth #28
Periapical (PA) film
63
What produces a higher energy x-ray beam that provides more penetration?
Filtration
64
Blurred images on a film may be caused by:
The patient moving
65
What technique places film in line with the long axis of the teeth to be radiographed?
Paralleling
66
What size film is appropriate for use as a PA on an upper incisor?
Size 1 is most appropriate fro upper anterior PAs
67
What occurs when the xray beam is not centered with the xray film?
Cone cutting
68
Why does digital radiography require less radiation than traditional xrays?
Sensors are more sensitive
69
What determines the film speed?
Size of crystals in the emulsion coating on an xray film.
70
What is the most effective way to reduce a patients exposure to xrays?
Use of fast-speed film. Fast speed film is rated in a range of A to F.
71
What is the radiolucent line that extends through the area near the lower molars?
Mandibular canal. It houses nerve tissue that appears radiolucent.
72
Adjustment of what setting can change the contrast on a dental radiograph?
kVp - Kilovolt peak
73
What anatomical landmark helps determine a mandibular from a maxillary tooth when mounting radiographs?
Maxillary sinus. The slope of the jawbone can act as a crutch when mounting films but is not a landmark.
74
What is the stream of radiation called that is emitted from the x-ray unit?
Primary radiation
75
What type of radiation is less penetrating than others and is given after the initial x-ray beam comes into contact with the patient?
Secondary radiation
76
What controls the amount of electrons that are produced in an x-ray beam?
mA
77
What is used to measure the amount of radiation exposure for dental care workers?
Pocket dosimeter, also called film badges
78
MPD for an occupational exposed person is:
0.05 Sv. Maximum Permisable Dose
79
What is the first solution that the films encounter during processing?
Developer. Softens the emulsion on the film, partially processing them.
80
What type of radiation occurs when x-rays are deflected by impact with other objects, such as the patient's face?
Scatter radiation
81
What type of xray would be most appropriate when screening for interproximal recurrent decay
BW x-ray
82
A periapical film that contains only the crown portion of the teeth would be due to:
Inadequate film placement
83
To reduce exposure, it is better to stand where in relation to the primary beam?
At a right angle
84
What type of radiation is when someone is exposed to small amounts of radiation over a long period of time?
Chronic radiation exposure
85
The curve of Spee:
Curves up toward the distal teeth.
86
What part of the x-ray tube generates electrons?
Cathode is the tungsten filament where the electrons are generated.
87
What type of radiation comes from natural sources?
Background radiation comes from natural sources like radioactive materials in the ground.
88
What type of radiograph is used b orthodontists in regads to the profile of a patients face?
Cephalometric radiographs show the side view of the facial bones which aid in profile analysis in orthodontic treatment.
89
Who owns the dental radiographs in a file at a dental practice?
The dentist
90
A shorter object to film distance:
Limits distortion
91
When using the paralleling technique, in what direction is the x-ray beam aimed?
90 degrees
92
What is the exposure limit called for those that are exposed to radiation as part of their occupation when taking safety measures?
MPD - Maximum permissible dose
93
What size film is usually used for occlusal x-rays?
Size 4
94
After exposure to developing solution and rinsing, which is the next solution during film processing that is necessary to dip films into?
Fixer solution removes exposed crystals from the film creating the clear areas on the film.
95
A panoramic x-ray that exhibits ghost images across the film may be do to:
Failure to remove jewelry
96
What technique is the preferred exposure method for digital sensors
Paralleling
97
What does MPD stand for?
maximum permissible dose
98
Molar BW film should be place:
Centered over the 2nd molar
99
A longer PID results in:
Less magnification
100
Straight black marks through the corners of an x-ray film may be due to:
Bending of film
101
What is the effect of x-rays in humans that causes disruption of cell structure and damage to living tissues?
Ionization occurs when x-rays come into contact with tissues
102
What is the radiolucent area viewable on x-rays near the root of the first molar?
Mental foramen is a circular radiolucent area
103
Always stand at least ___ feet away from an x-ray unit during use.
6 feet if a barrier is not available
104
What is used to control the penetrating power of an x-ray?
kV - kilavoltage sector is used to control penetrating abilities or quality of an x-ray beam.
105
What type of radiation is due to faulty x-ray tubeheads?
Leakage radiation escapes in different directions

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