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Radiology > Radiation Biology > Flashcards

Radiation Biology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the risk of developing cancer?

A

40%

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2
Q

What is the study of the effects of particulate and electromagnetic radiation, including ionizing radiation, on living systems?

A

Radiation Biology

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3
Q

Absorbed dose of radiation is measured in _____.

A

Grays (Gy)

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4
Q

Equivalent dose is measured in _____.

A

Sievert (Sv)

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5
Q

_____ is based on the amount of damage that can be done to the body.

A

Quality Factor (QF)

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6
Q

Rem = _____ X ______

A

rad X QF

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7
Q

1 Sv = _____

A

100 rems

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8
Q

____ is used to estimate radiation risks so that the risks from different types of radiologic examinations as well as background radiation can be compared to one another.

A

Effective dose

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9
Q

____ takes into consideration the differing radiosensitivities of the various tissues of the body as well as the tissue weighting of the area exposed and is used to compare the risks from partial body exposures.

A

Effective Dose

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10
Q

_____ is the sum all weighted equivalent doses in all the irradiated tissue determined by using tissue weighing factors; this is a calculated estimate and is calculated in Sieverts.

A

Effective dose

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11
Q

____ is the dose adjusted for impact, body volume, and tissue sensitivity.

A

Effective dose

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12
Q

What effects does X-rays have inside the body?

A

Indirect ionizing- 2/3 of DNA damage (strikes DNA and causes a single or double stranded break)
Direct attack

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13
Q

What is the event sequence in radiation injury low dose effects?

A

absorption of radiation –> ionization/radical formation –> chemical alteration –> enzymatic repair or development of lesion

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14
Q

What are effects where the risk is proportional to the dose?

A

stochastic effects

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15
Q

____ implies that there is no threshold.

A

Stochastic effects

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16
Q

Cancer due to genetic mutations in somatic cells or heritable effects due to genetic mutations in germ cells are examples of _____.

A

Stochastic effects

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17
Q

____ are effects where severity is proportional to the dose.

A

Deterministic effects

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18
Q

_____ implies that there is a threshold.

A

Deterministic effects

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19
Q

Harmful tissue effects (e.g. in utero birth defects), cataracts, radiation burns of the skin are examples of ______.

A

Deterministic effects

20
Q

True or False? Deterministic effects DO NOT occur as a result of normal dental radiologic examinations.

A

True

21
Q

What is the permanent change in genetic in the genetic material of a cell resulting in a change of information passed on to progeny ( cell or organism )?

A

mutations

22
Q

True or False? There is a spontaneous mutation background level for all organisms.

A

True

23
Q

True or False? Radiation increases incidence of mutations.

A

True

24
Q

True or False? No mutations are radiation specific.

A

True

25
Q

True or False? Radiation is a weak mutagen.

A

True

26
Q

True or False? Currently, no evidence for a threshold.

A

True

27
Q

True or False? No expression of germ cell mutations have been observed in humans due to radiation effects.

A

True

28
Q

True or False? There is no statistically significant increase in genetically related disease in the children of A-Bomb survivors.

A

True

29
Q

What is the principle consequence of radiation?

A

Induction of cancer

30
Q

True or False? Cancer is a multi-step process with many stages.

A

True

31
Q

What are the three possible mechanisms for radiation carcinogenesis?

A
  • cancer results from radiation-induced somatic mutations
  • radiation activates latent carcinogenic virus in cells
  • radiation acts indirectly by creating conditions in the body favoring growth of tumors
32
Q

What are the three parts of the Law of Bergonie and Tribondeau?

A

Most sensitive cells are those that:

  • have a high mitotic rate
  • undergo may future mitoses
  • are most primitive in differentiation
33
Q

What are 6 factors that influence cells response to irradiation?

A
  • stage of cell cycle at time of exposure
  • cell repair processes
  • oxygen concentration
  • protectors and sensitizers
  • dose/dose rate
  • radiation LET
34
Q

What is the average energy released from ionization and excitation to absorbing medium per unit track length?

A

Linear Energy Transfer (LET)

35
Q

True or False? X-rays = Low LET.

A

True

36
Q

True or False? Alpha particles/neutrons = high LET.

A

True

37
Q

True or False? 100 Gy –> death in 1 to 2 days (Cerebrovascular syndrome).

A

True

38
Q

True or False? 10 Gy –> death in 5 to 10 days (Gi syndrome).

A

True

39
Q

True or False? 2 to 5 Gy –> death in 3 weeks (Hematopoietic Syndrome).

A

True

40
Q

True or False? 2 Gy –> Transient Erythema (hours).

A

True

41
Q

True or False? 10 Gy –> Dry Desquamation.

A

True

42
Q

True or False? 15 Gy –> Moist Desquamation.

A

True

43
Q

True or False? Females less than 10 yo is 6X more likely to develop fatal cancer than 50 yo.

A

True

44
Q

Name four in-utero effects of radiation.

A
  • intrauterine death
  • growth retardation
  • developmental abnormalities
  • cancer in childhood
45
Q

True or False? Radiation from dental x-rays can produce birth defects.

A

False

Radiology (3 decks)

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