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Dental Nursing > Radiation > Flashcards

Radiation Flashcards

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1
Q

What type of waves are X-Rays?

A

Electromagnetic waves

A form of energy

Travel in a straight line

They are short waves which means they can cause more damage

Invisible

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2
Q

An unaltered X-ray is…

A

When the beam hits the matter and a little of the beam is absorbed.

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3
Q

A scattered X-ray is…

A

When the beam hits the atoms of the matter and release their energy in different directions.

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4
Q

A absorbed X-ray is…

A

When the beam hits the matter and a lot of the beam is absorbed.

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5
Q

What is radiopaque and how does it appear on an X-ray?

A

Metals (crowns, fillings etc)

Enamel

They appear white on X-rays.

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6
Q

What appears grey on X-rays?

A

Dentine and bone

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7
Q

What is radiolucent and how does it appear on X-rays?

A

Appear almost black

Soft tissues (gums, pulp etc)

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8
Q

Hazards of radiation…

A

Damages tissue

Can damage/alter DNA/chromosomes causing mutations and death of the cell

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9
Q

What can a high X-ray dose cause?

A

Skin can appear reddened and inflamed similar to sunburn

Distraction of the immune system calls
Leukaemia

Radiation sickness

Death

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10
Q

What does ALARP stand for?

A

As low as reasonably possible

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11
Q

What does ALARA stand for?

A

As low as reasonably achievable

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12
Q

Principals of ALARA/P

What percentage can this reduce scatter by?

A

Use of fast film - f speed

Short exposure time

Rectangular collimator tube

Can help reduce scatter by 40%

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13
Q

Who does IRR protect and how do you comply to IRR

A

Protects staff and classified workers

Appoint a legal person

Appoint RPA

Appoint RPS

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14
Q

Who does IR(ME)R protect?

A

Protects safety of patients

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15
Q

Role of RPA

A

They are outside the practice

Must do certified checks every 3 years

Make a contingency plan

Carry out risk assessments that are reviewed every 3 years

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16
Q

What is the controlled area and safety zone?

A

Controlled area - 1.5m

Safety zone- 2m

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17
Q

Role of RPS

A

Inside the practice

Train staff

Drawing up and updating the local rules

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18
Q

Who is the referrer?

A

The dentist who refers the patient for radiation exposure

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19
Q

Who is the IRMER practitioner?

A

A dentist or specialist dental radiographer who takes the responsibility for justifying the taking of the X-ray

20
Q

Who is the operator?

A

Any staff member who carries out part or all of the practical duty’s involved with the exposure and processing of the X-ray

This can include a trainee dental nurse.

21
Q

What must the local rules contain?

A

Contingency plan
Dose levels
Safety of pregnant staff
Name of RPA/RPS

22
Q

Advantages of digital X-rays?

A

Radiation levels reduced

No chemicals required

Viewing make quicker

23
Q

Disadvantages of digital X-rays

A

Images can be manipulated/altered

Legal problems can arise from editing an X-ray

Expensive equipment

24
Q

What makes up a dental film packet?

A

Black paper

Film

Black paper

Foil

Plastic wrapping

25
Q

What is a PA X-rays and what does it help to detect?

A

Periapical - shows whole tooth

Dental caries
Abscess
Root fracture
Bone levels

26
Q

What does a horizontal bitewing detect?

A

interproximal caries

restoration overhangs

caries under existing restorations

occlusal caries

27
Q

What does vertical bitewings detect?

A

Bone levels

Periodontal pockets

28
Q

What does anterior occlusal X-rays detect?

A

Impacted canines

Supernumerary

Palatal Cysts

Large intraoral film

29
Q

What does DPT stand for?

A

Dental panoramic tomograph

30
Q

What does OPG stand for?

A

Orthopantomograph

31
Q

What view does a lateral oblique X-ray show and what it detect?

A

Side image of upper and lower jaw on ONE SIDE ONLY

detecting unerupted or impacted third molars

32
Q

What does a cephalostat show and what is it used for?

A

Shows side image of whole skull

Used to monitor jaw growth and complicated orthodontics

33
Q

What is an intensifying screen?

A

A sheet inside the extra oral cassettes that glows when exposed to radiation

They give off a blue light so their is less radiation and a shorter exposure time.

34
Q

List the chemicals used in manual film processing

A

Developer - alkaline, produces latent image, solution oxides in the air

Fixer - acidic, fixes the image onto the film

Water - used for rinsing off chemicals

35
Q

What temperature range should the chemicals be in?

A

18-22

36
Q

What is a step wedge used for?

A

To do daily tests on the chemicals

37
Q

What is a grade 1 X-ray?

A

No errors at all

Minimum of 70% of all exposures

38
Q

What is a grade 2 X-ray?

A

Diagnostically expectable

Some errors

Maximum of 20% of all exposures

39
Q

What is a grade 3 X-ray?

A

Unacceptable quality

Unable to use

Maximum of 10% of all exposures

40
Q

How are X-rays disposed?

A

As non infectious hazardous waste

41
Q

Why would you get a blank film?

A

X-ray not switched on

42
Q

Why would you get a fogged (black) film?

A

Exposed to light before exposure

43
Q

What is coning?

A

Where the film isn’t lined up to the collumator

44
Q

What causes elongation?

A

Collumator angle is too shallow and produces a long image

45
Q

What causes foreshortening?

A

Collumator angle too steep and produces squat image

Squashed, stunted

46
Q

What does a DPT/OPG help to detect?

A

Jaw fractures

Presence or position of teeth

Ortho or wisdom tooth assessment

Fracture of the neck of the condyle

Dental Nursing (4 decks)

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