Radiation Flashcards
What unit do you use to express binding, ionization, and radiation energy as it applies to this course?
Electron Volt (eV)
An unexpected event involving a nuclear weapon, but not constituting a nuclear weapon accident.
Bent Spear
This is the amount of energy required to ionize (remove) the least tightly bound electron in an atom of that element.
Ionization Potential
What do you call it when an area where exposures may be incurred by people who have no knowledge or control of the hazard?
Lower Tier Environment
What is the basic unit of the human body?
The cell
What does a typical nuclear detonation produce?
Blast(50%), Thermal (35%), Nuclear Radiation (15%)
Fallout is the last source of radiation health hazard we are concerned about during a nuclear detonation. What can affect fallout spread?
Weather Conditions, types of bursts, and weapon yield.
*Dirty Bombs. The intention is to spread the radioactive material and contaminate an area.
Radiological Dispersal Devices
The dose received by an individual in the course of employment
Occupational Dose
A measure of the degree of phase correlation that exists in the radiation field of a light source @ different locations and different times.
Coherent
The type of PPE used after nuclear detonation depends on:
- Airborne Concentration
- Type of Contamination
- Resources Available
- Mission Requirements
What two factors increase skin damage from UV Rays?
Wavelength and skin pigments.
Also known as radiant heat, this is found at the lower energy end of the visible spectrum.
Infrared
This electron uses the energy it received from the gamma ray to ionize other atoms by knocking electrons out of them as well.
Photons
Minors=________mrem/year and ____ rem to any tissue except the lens of the eye.
500;5
What is the most common expression (SI Unit) encountered in physics at the atomic level?
Electron Volt (eV)
How do you express the number of alpha and beta particles detected each minute?
Counts per minute
This burst occurs on or slightly above the surface of land or water, fireball touches surface, forms a crater, sucks up soil, dust, other particles. Mushroom cloud. Forms radioactive glass called trinitite.
Surface Burst
Controls against UV/IR
Welding Curtains Eye Protection Protective Clothing Sunscreen Short Duration of Exposure Welding Helmet Time, Distance, Shielding
Who approves controls for acquiring, receiving, storing, distributing, using, transferring, and disposing of radioactive material to ensure compliance with the Air Force Master Materials License, NRC, etc….
RIC
Workplace supervisor responsibilities for the dosimetry program:
Ensures all exposures are are ALARA
Ensures badges are worn and inhaled properly
Send new personnel to BE/RSO for enrollment
Refer pregnant personnel to BE for enrollment
Review reports and address adverse trends
Maintains exposure reports and provides results to personnel upon request
What do you call emitters that produce less than 28 watts or less than 5.6 watts where no further evaluations are required called?
Non-Hazardous emitters
If any dosimeter and/or bioassay result exceeds the dose limits in these regs, it is considered to represent a potential overexposure. What regs?
10 CFR 20; AFI 48-148
Thermal radiation can cause temporary of permanent blindness as far away as ___________ miles.
10
These types of burns occur when the body’s ability to dissipate absorbed heat via evaporative and convective processes is overwhelmed and its temperature rises to damaging levels.
Thermal
A physical barrier sufficient enough to contain the beam and laser radiation from exiting the laser system, except the beam aperture.
Protective Housing
As a relatively fast moving beta particle or electron nears the nucleus, the attractive force alters its trajectory and slows it down. This interaction results in a loss of kinetic energy which is converted to x-rays.
BREMSSTRAHLUNG
What do you call the nearest point on the earth’s surface where the detonation occurred?
Ground Zero
Internally deposited radioactive material is more hazardous than external deposition.
True
This is the increase in beam diameter (spread) as the distance increases from the laser.
Beam Divergence
This type of radiation transfers energy to the electron clouds in its path and can either excite or ionize an atom. The electrons here are excited and move to a higher energy state, or she’ll, where ionized electrons are removed from the atom completely. With each one of these electrons, these particles lose energy and slow down. It will finally take two electrons at the end of its path and become a complete helium atom.
Alpha Radiation
Minors
16-18 years old
Blast effects can cause what two physical injuries?
Collapsed Lungs
Ruptured Eardrums
In this type of nuclear weapon design, nuclear material is gathered and surrounded by a tamper. Outside the tamper is a ring of conventional explosives. The small explosives go off, forcing the collection of nuclear materials to combine in a small area, resulting in supercritical mass.
Implosion Type
Controls growth of bacteria. Commonly used in meat processing plants as they kill germs.
UVC: Short Wave
Emitters that are mobile; can be packed up and moved whenever necessary. Can be used to move to an area where the hazards are accessible.
Vehicular
This type of EMF emitter is considered the most hazardous emitter type in the Air Force inventory. These can be found on the flight line.
Aircraft-Mounted
What must the investigation determine?
- The portion of the body that received the dose
- The validity of the dose received
- Any corrective actions that have taken to prevent future exposures
Focuses and amplifies the photon energy into a coherent and collimating state to create a laser beam.
Optical Cavity
The application of high-frequency electrical currents to generate therapeutic heat in diseased tissues. Electrodes and other instruments are used to transmit electric current to surface structures, thereby increasing the local blood circulation and facilitating and accelerating the process of absorption and repair.
Medical Diathermy
This process occurs in nuclear power plants and during nuclear explosions. Many radioactive sources that we use today are created using this process.
Neutron Activation
When electrons are slowed or stopped by the interactions with the atoms of the target material __________________ are produced.
X-rays
These particles have a good deal of kinetic energy or energy of motion. They do not travel far, only centimeters. These particles ionize atoms very strongly; which makes these the least penetrating. The skin can block these particles, but become dangerous if inhaled, ingested, or injected.
Alpha Particles
The X-ray probe was specifically calibrated and included for use with __________________________.
Nuclear Weapons
____________________ is the ratio of the radiation intensity, in a given direction, to the radiation intensity that would be obtained if the power accepted by the antenna was radiated isotopically.
Absolute Gain
Who is the only Air Force organization that will communicate with the NRC?
Radioisotope Committee
What law states that “Energy cannot be created or destroyed, it can only be changed into another form”?
The Law of Conservation of Energy
What is referred to as energy absorbed per unit of any material?
Dose
Naturally occurring, chemically inert radioactive gas that is formed from the decay of naturally occurring uranium, 238, 235, and thorium-232
Radon
These particles have high LET. The two protons in this particle give these a positive charge. These particles are very heavy and very energetic compared to other types of radiation. These particles move relatively slowly and interact strongly with the atoms of any material they pass through, including air, producing dense ionization along their path.
Alpha Particles
Written procedures that should be established for operation, alignment, and maintenance of laser systems.
Standard Operating Procedures (SOPS)
What is the greatest concern in terms of potential impacts on human health and is the vulnerability of medical implants or devices used in clinical practices.
Electromagnetic Interference (EMI)
What is the transparent body behind the iris that works with the cornea to focus light on the retina called?
Lens
In this type of setting you may find lasers for various operations such as laser cutting, laser micro-drilling, and carpentry alignment.
Industrial
A thermonuclear reaction in which nuclei of light atoms join to form nuclei of heavier atoms. It is the joining of two atoms to create a single atom.
Fusion
Radiation=_______% of the blast.
15
What type of radiation causes atoms and molecules in the living tissue to become ionized and excited?
Ionizing Radiation
Not strong enough to harm your eyes because a person will blink and look away.
Class 2
What are the two different types of nuclear weapons design?
Gun Type and Implosion Type
Who is responsible for providing Ionization Radiation Training?
IRSO
_________________ may pass through matter without hitting anything, or it may hit an atom and transfer all or part of its energy. This normally ionizes the atom.
Photons
This occurs as a high energy photon enters the area around the nucleus of an atom; the energy is converted into the mass of two electrons; with the remaining energy being imparted as kinetic energy. The new particles have opposing charges; one positive and one negative, and such as exit the atom at SEPARATE ANGLES.
Pair Production
Organs Sensitive to Radiation:
Blood-forming organs
Reproductive & GI tract
Skin
Muscle and brain
What are audible sounds in the ear such as clicking, buzzing, and chirping have been documented as a result of exposure to pulsed radiation?
Microwave Hearing Effects
Damages skin first. Perfect path for great refer damaging effects of UVB radiation, which leads to cancer. Premature skin aging and eye damage.
UVA-Long Wave
What is radiation which is emitted from nuclei during radioactive material decay?
Residual Radiation
This form of radiation, such as alpha, ionize water into H and OH radicals over a very short track.
High LET
The maximum power density during “ON” time as opposed to “OFF” time. Expressed in Watts.
Peak Power (Pp)
What reg tells you how to complete an overexposure investigation?
AFMAN 48-125
What is the release of small radioactive particles that drop from fireball to the ground?
Fallout
Provides adequate protection for low levels of radioactive contamination. Not NIOSH approved.
MOPP Gear
During wartime Andy radiological response, the total dose not to be exceeded should be set to _________________rad.
150
What AFI regulates Ionization Radiation Protection?
AFI 48-148
Why is the eight leg survey important to commanders?
- Shows radiation dose to responders
2. Radiation contamination
When we are trying to determine which respiratory protection to use after a nuclear event, you take air samples. The units of activity per cubic meter are referred to as_______________________________________.
Derived Air Concentration (DAC)
This term refers to a naturally occurring radioactive material. It differentiates between isotopes of concern.
NORM
The distance along the laser beam, beyond which the exposure is not expected to exceed the appropriate PPE
Nominal Ocular Hazard Distance
MOST DANGEROUS type of UVA radiation. Responsible for sunburn, suntan, skin aging, skin cancer and eye damage.
UVB Middle Wave
What is the range of all possible frequencies of electromagnetic radiation?
The EM Spectrum
Who ensures that workers follow all safety procedures, prepare the radiation frequency report, and conduct safety awareness training for all personnel that may have radiation exposure?
Workplace Supervisors
What is the primary purpose of PPE?
To avoid contamination
Radiation emitted from an electron cloud
X-Ray
This type of light is found at wavelengths between 400-700nm. This light is received by the eye and is interpreted as color depending on its wavelength.
Visible
LASER ACRONYM STAND FOR?
Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
What are molecules that have the ability to make multiple bonds to the same metal ion?
Cheating Agents
This is used to treat radioactive cesium and thallium. This will expedite the body’s ability to eliminate the radioactive cesium through the stool.
Prussian Blue
Wave guides have a single conductor and are only practical for extremely high frequency signals. They are capable of confining and guiding electromagnetic energy from a generator or amplifier to its location.
One Conductor
When is radiation monitoring required?
When exposures exceed 100 mrem/yr
When individuals enter a high or very high radiation area
All members of the 2W2 career field that have exposure to INRAD
Pregnant Workers
Whoever the IRSO designates
Responsible for providing regulatory oversight for the use of radioactive materials by Air Force organizations.
Radioisotope Committee (RIC)
What range is visible light?
700nm to 400nm
This turns off an EMF emitter when a door, hatch, or other entry is breeched.
Interlock
What government agency is in-charge of Radon?
EPA
What is the SI unit of activity?
Becquerel (Bq)
When laser beams are enclosed their entire length
Beam Enclosures.
What type of charge do electrons have?
Negative
The maximum level of laser exposure radiation to which personnel may be exposed to without adverse biological effects is called?
MPE
__________________________ occurs when both the photon, and the electron it interacts with, are scattered in different directions.
Compton Scattering
The ___________________unit refers to the amount of ionizations occurring in the air at any given time?
Roentgen
Radiation is classified as either having high linear energy transfer or low LET, based on the rate that it transfers_____________________.
Energy
A blast that occurs at an altitude greater than 100,000 feet. Designed for EMP effects.
High-Altitude bursts! between 20 to 50 miles can cause eyes injuries miles away.
___________________________ is an Air Force Space Command radar system used to track missiles and satellites. This system also has a secondary mission of Earth-orbiting satellite detection and tracking.
Pave Paws
The area within a laser workplace in which the exposure from a direct beam, speculation, and diffuse reflection COULD EXCEED THE MPE. Required to wear eye PPE.
Nominal Hazard Zone (NHZ)
Components of an x-Ray unit:
Cathode-releases electrons when heated sufficiently
Anode-an electrode which electric current flows from a source
Sealed Glass Envelope- allows X-rays to flow out where you want
Protective Housing- shielding, limits exposures
This type of radiation is found at the high energy end of the electromagnetic spectrum, these are able to ionize atoms with which they interact.
X-RAY/GAMMA RADIATION
What is the amount of work that can be performed by a force, an attribute of objects and systems that is subject to a conservation law?
Energy
What are the three steps to the EMF Risk Assessment?
Identify
Analyze
Control
Who establishes and manages the base radiation safety program through training, surveillance, and control recommendations.
Installation Radiation Safety Officer (IRSO)
Effects that result from exposures to wavelengths less than 550nm. Disrupts cell chemistry, may even damage DNA causing mutagenic and cytotoxic effects.
Photochemical
What plays a large role in determining the hazard distance?
Intensity of the EMF
Receiving antennas; they can be used as local TV channels
Yogi
What are the two INDIRECT biological effects of EMF radiation?
Magnetic Interference and X-Rays.
This dosimeter is the primary device to evaluate exposures to the hand and forearm of an individual. Ex: Ring
Extremity Dosimeter
The process of removing contamination from an individual or surface.
Decontamination
Ionizing photons interact with material through the photoelectric effect, Compton scattering, and pair production. A photon’s ___________________ is the primary factor in determining which of these happens.
Energy
What is a nuclear weapons accident that could create the risk of an outbreak of war, but meets one of the following:
Unauthorized launching of nukes, accidental nuke detonation, non-nuclear detonations, burning of a nuclear weapon, jettison of a nuclear weapon?
Broken Arrow
An unstable atom does not always decay directly to a stable state immediately; it may undergo a a series of radioactive decays called a ________________________.
Decay Chain
Neutrons are typically found in nuclear facilities where fission and neutron activation are of interest because there are no pure neutron emitters. Strong neutrons are emitted during the blast phase of a nuclear detonation. Is it true or false that there are no pure neutron emitters?
True
Systems that are capable of producing levels of EMD radiation in excess of the MPE, but only in climbing areas called?
Climbing Hazard Emitters
Besides the nucleus , what contains all of the living substances of the cell?
Cytoplasm
Worker Responsibilities in the Dosimetry Program
Ensure all exposures are ALARA Provide exposure history to BE flight and supervisor Review Exposure Reports Performance Required Bioassays Properly use dosimeters
This is radiation from RAM associated with current nuclear weapons maintenance operations, residual RAM from legacy maintenance, nuclear weapons accidents/incidents, and nuclear reactors.
Intrinsic Radiation
Which two positions decided to start the nuclear enterprise?
Secretary of Defense
Secretary of the Air Force
When personnel can tell you better information you will be surveying better than a fact sheet with charts and graphs.
Interviews
What is produced whenever a conductor carries a current?
Electromagnetic Radiation
When 3GHz to 300 GHz are absorbed at the skin surface. Very high strengths are needed to cause skin burning. (Active Denial System)
Skin Heating Effects
Medical Uses of Radiation
Diagnose Cancer, Treat thyroid cancer, radioactive dyes, cancer treatment, diagnostic imaging
The power supplying the source that powers the laser?
Power Pumping Station
The LEAST HAZARDOUS danger of reflection as it is reflecting off a non-reflective surface such as a wall or a cabinet.
Diffuse Reflection
Annual report of individual occupational exposure to ionizing radiation. The dosimetry lab report once per year for each individual registered in the program during the calendar year.
AF Form 1527-1
What has the same number of protons, but a different number of neutrons?
Isotopes
Report Time for:
A. Abnormal Exposures
B. Overexposure
A. Abnormal Exposure: 30 days
B. Overexposure: 7 days
The risk that a person will suffer health effects from an exposure to radiation is measured in what units?
REM (roentgen equivalent man)
Or the Si unit Sievert (Sv)
EMF SURVEY PROCEDURES
Calculate Equipment- NARDA Radiation Monitor and NARDA Isotropic Probes Perform Survey *Find the D MPE *Find Hotspots
What has both a positive charge and negative charge that subsequently neutralizes each other rather than having no charge at all. These repel action of the protons and help hold the protons together in the nucleus.
Nucleus
__________________ is used to detect and track aircraft and small high-speed targets at distances beyond visual range.
Fire Control Radar
What factors effect how your skin is damaged by a laser?
Laser wavelength, total energy absorbed, number of pulses, exposure duration, and cumulative exposures.
Refers to the time-averaged rate of energy transfer.
Average Power (P AVG)
What three areas of the eye are damaged by lasers?
The retina, the cornea, and the lens
What are the 4 ways to identify EMF emitters?
- Reviewing emitter inventory
- DOEHRS
- Observations
- Interviews
When dealing with nuclear enterprise assets, the main consideration that must be addressed is that of________________?
Intrinsic Radiation
Radon=Lung Cancer
Max dose: 4 p Ci/l
Transmitters have two modes of operation. What are they?
Continuous wave and pulsed wave.
Low frequency, between 3kHz and 5GHz will penetrate the body and heat it due to the absorbed energy.
Electro Stimulating Effects
Properties that make a cell radio sensitive include cells that:
Are young and growing
Reproduce quickly
Are active
Are undifferentiated
What are the two basic forms of energy called?
Potential and Kinetic
Radiation on the skin or clothing
External Clothing
The number of these in an atom’s center, or nucleus, determines the element.
Protons
Industrial uses of radiation in USAF:
NDI for airframes
Thermal light can burn retina and penetrate the skull up to ________ miles away.
10 miles away
Who is obligated to follow safety procedures as outlined in AF standards, TOs, etc…
Workers
Exposure data from the beginning of the calendar year to the date the report is prepared.
1499-2 (Summary)
What is the amount of radiation absorbed per unit of time?
Dose Rate
Who determines who requires radiation exposure monitoring?
IRSO
What is the point at which electromagnetic energy is intentionally emitted into free space and therefore of greatest concern to health risk assessors?
Antenna
What do you call the determination of facts by examining the ground for patterns revealed by instrument measurements?
Ground Truth
The EMF emitter information in this system will show any equations used for estimated distances, the equipment used in surveys, and all required emitter parameters.
DOEHRS
This switch or key can disable a laser. Required for all class 3B or 4
Master Control Switch
For emergency use only and are usually installed inside rooms where antennas are located. Not a first line of defense.
Kill Switches/ panic Buttons
What do you call the number of periods or regularly occurring events of any given kind in a unit if time, usually in one second.
Frequency
This is the electromagnetic radiation in the visible light spectrum that can be sensed as heat and light.
Thermal Radiation
When a laser beam reflects and can be just as hazardous as a direct laser beam.
Specular Reflection
The time required for a biological system, such as that of a human, to eliminate by natural process, by half.
Biological Half-life
Who provides consultant support to organization or unit commanders on radiation protection issues?
Permit RSO (PRSO)
The MOST DANGEROUS way an eye can be affected by a laser. This is when a laser beam exits the laser and goes DIRECTLY INTO THE EYE!
Intrabeam Viewing
A devise intended to expose people to a significant amount of radiation without their knowledge.
Radiological Exposure Devises
____________________________ occurs when a neutron is absorbed or captured by the target nucleus. The nucleus then emits a lower kinetic energy neutron and a GAMMA PHOTON. The gamma photon is an example of INDIRECT IONIZATION, where the neutron didn’t not ionize an atom, but did cause a reaction that created a form of ionizing radiation.
Inelastic Scattering
In this type of nuclear weapon design, nuclear material is gathered inside a neutron reflective casing. The other nuclear material is fired from a barrel into the critical mass collection.
Gun Type
The number of protons in an atom of a particular element is always the same, but the nu,beer of neutrons may vary.
True/False?
True
Puts a tremendous amount of information at our fingertips
Internet
Includes all exposure history for each monitoring period since first registering into the USAF Personnel Ionizing Radiation Dosimetry Program. (Your entire career)
AF FORM 1527-2
Used in controlled areas w/ frequencies below 30MHz and where electric burns are the primary hazard.
Electric Shock or burn safety equipment
The time limit is based on the specific absorption rate (SAR).
Exposure Duration
Who assists unit commanders and shop supervisors in identifying and controlling radiation hazards and developing an effective safety and awareness training program.
BE
What do you call a nuclear reactor system or radiological incident that poses a hazard to life, health, or property?
Faded Giant
What are the potential ways to identify laser sources?
Intelligence, observations, interviews, surveys
Emitters transmit an EMF signal continuously with no breaks; uninterrupted communications such as radios, AFN.
Continuos Wave
What is the purpose of the dosimetry program?
To monitor, when necessary, occupational radiation exposures
Neutrons can interact with target nuclei by being captured by the nucleus, creating an unstable, or radioactive atom. What do you call this?
Nuclear Activation
This book is published by the Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute. Provides information on acute radiation syndrome, decon, etc….
Medical Management of Radiological Casualties
700-1400nm
Infrared
What range is infrared?
1400nm to 700nm
The ability of the laser beam to not spread significantly with distance.
Collimated Beam
Protons have what type of charge?
Positive
What is the primary factor in determining how well the body will absorb EMF?
Frequency of the emitter
What do you call the range of all possible frequencies of electromagnetic radiation?
The Electromagnetic Spectrum
What is the historical unit for activity?
Curie (Ci)
This type of radiation consists of subatomic particles or electromagnetic waves that are energetic enough to remove electrons from otherwise neutral atoms or molecules, ionizing them.
Ionizing Radiation
What are 3 examples of internal protection?
Respiratory Protection
Protective Clothing
Hygiene
When you put a laser at a physical level other than normal position of the eye of a person in a standing or seated position.
Laser Beam Height
Refers to the ability of an individual or group to avoid contamination themselves or their equipment in a contaminated environment.
Contamination Avoidance
What determines how a cell will function and is the basic structure of that cell?
Nucleus
Industrial uses of radiation
Soil density gauge, chemical detectors, research facilities
What do you call it when BE inspects EMF emitters to determine the antenna type, determine the hazard potential, assign risk level, and taking notes of any controls already in-place.
Observations
What is the amount of energy absorbed per unit of weight of the organ or tissue called?
Absorbed Dose
What two fields are pure energy and have no mass and no charge? These two fields will be 90 degree angles from each other in the far field and will support each other.
Electric Field and Magnetic Field
What is the temporary storage provided for classified shipment transporters of DOD facilities in order to ensure safety and security of nuclear materials and/or nonnuclear classified material?
Safe Haven
What action of light causes localized vaporation, through brief pulses of light?
Photomechanical
Each shop should have a minimum of ________________ MK2 EPDs and _______________N2 EPDs.
20;2
Regulates commercial nuclear power plants and other uses of nuclear materials, such as nuclear medicine, through licensing, inspection, and enforcement of its requirements.
Nuclear Regulation Commission (NRC)
During the consolidation phase, the primary activities during this phase are focused on:
- Controlling the spread of contamination
- Minimizing health and safety risks to public and personnel
- Determining extent of contamination
Use this type of protection after a nuclear incident to prevent inhaling of radioactive materials.
Respiratory Protection
BE’s responsibilities in conducting the dosimetry program:
Conducts the base dosimetry program
Collects, issues, and replaces TLDs
Determines the need for monitoring
Requests records of individuals
Conducts workplace assessments for pregnant workers
Approves dosimeter storage locations
Briefs personnel enrolling in the dosimetry program
3 elects to consider when controlling radiation:
Type of radiation
Energy Level
Route of Exposure
How long does induced radiation remain hazardous for?
5-7 days
Operations requiring laser systems for advanced weapon systems.
Military Specific
What is the process by which new cells are formed for growth, repair, and replacement in the body.
Cell Division
Potentially hazardous in less than .25 seconds if viewed with collecting optics.
Class 2M
What is used as the starting point to locate EMF emitters?
Emitter Inventory
Controls the VOLTAGE between the cathode and anode. The speed of the electrons. Greater Penetration through bones.
Kilovolt Peak (kVp)
How does 8 leg survey work
- Teams start at the one of each leg; focus on one point
- Walk to central point, monitoring ground contamination & dose rates
- Teams indicate when they receive twice the background or 2 mrem/hr line.
- Then back to starting point of the next leg and start over
- Repeat process for all eight legs
***What is not a valid control method for EMF radiation?
PPE
An X-ray parameter that controls the number of electrons fired from the filament. Increasing the mA setting heats up the filament to shoot out moe electrons. (More Exposure)
Milliamperes (mA)
Improperly using or storing dosimeters can adversely affect the accuracy of dose assessment. T/F
True
When the body is irradiated from sources located outside the body
External Exposure
Who provides Bioenvironmental Engineers guidance on Radon?
ESOH service center
As a rule of thumb, any emitter that emits less than ___________ watts is considered non-hazardous.
7 Watts
These particles have tracks that are long and tortuous. The range of this particle is typically much shorter than their track length. These particles deflect many times during travel, resulting in large numbers of ionizing and excitation events. This particle eventually loses its kinetic energy and is captured.
Beta Particles
Sources of Radiation
Sun
High and Low Pressure Mercury Discharge Lamps
Plasma torches and welding arcs
Damages skin first.
When only individuals who have been trained and are aware of proper safety are allowed in a laser environment.
Access Limits
What two body organs are most susceptible to the effects of EMF exposure?
Eyes and Gonads
What do you call a nuclear detonation when it is intended for massive destruction and radioactive contamination?
NUDET
External and internal dose equivalent for each worker enrolled in the dosimetry program for the the effective monitoring period.
Exposure Reports
What is made up of one nucleus-made of protons and neutrons-and many smaller particles called electrons.
Atoms
Generally not very hazardous and portable.
Man-Portable
Systems that are capable of exceeding MPE, but only in area not normally accessible to personnel?
Inaccessible emitters
This is when nuclear incidents/accidents do “NOT” have nuclear yield, but we must be concerned with radiation exposures.
Non-polar yield
What do you call the outermost layer of the cell that serves to separate and protect a cell from its surrounding environment?
Cell Membrane
What are 4 examples of laser systems?
Industrial, Mechanical Facility, Research, Military Specific
As it pertains to alpha and beta particles, gamma rays, and x-rays, what do you call that type’s ability to transfer energy to the cells of the body?
Quality Factors
Usually mobile and can be set up anywhere
Field Deployable
A physical quantity describing the rate of delivery or transmission of energy.
Radiofrequency Power
Who will be at the end of a decontamination line and will monitor individuals exiting the area to ensure contamination is not spread?
Civil Engineering Emergency Management Tech or a BE technician.
High powered lasers that are hazardous to view under any condition and are potential skin and fire hazard.
Class 4
What is the purpose of conducting an EMF radiation risk assessment?
To prevent possible harmful effects to personnel from exposure to potentially hazardous levels of EMF.
Occurs when radionuclides have entered the body through inhalation and ingestion.
Internal Exposure
This personal dosimeter detects neutron and gamma radiation instead of beta and gamma. Used for WMD responders.
N2
Fixed or portable X-ray units for medical and dental purposes
Diagnostic X-Rays
Who approves designated storage areas for thermoluminescent dosimeters?
RSO
One megaton yield, third degree burns will be seen in individuals as far as _________ miles away.
6
Contaminated if radioactive material is spread about or is unconfined.
Environment
***What are the three components of a laser?
Power Pumping Station
Active Medium
Optical cavity
This dosimeter must be worn by all personnel enrolled in the dosimetry program regardless of the other type of dosimeters worn.
Whole-body Dosimeters
In a contaminated environment (nuclear)___________ is the most commonly contaminated surface.
Ground
What is any type of radiation that does not carry enough energy to ionize atoms or molecules?
Non-Ionizing Radiation
The retina is connected to the brain by what and is the most sensitive structure in the eye?
The Optic Nerve
Could be in (ms), NDI could be a few seconds to several minutes
Exposure Time (s)
The distance thermal burns from nuclear blasts is related to the yield of the __________________________.
Nuclear Blast Itself
Values of a report can include Reports for Hands and forearm
Extremity dose equivalent
Absorbed dose is expressed in what units?
Rad (radiation absorbed dose) or the SI unit gray (Gy)
The MPE is dependent on wavelength and exposure duration and is expressed in what unit?
Joules per square centimeter (J/cm2)
After a nuclear blast, the gamma radiation will not affect people or equipment after how long?
1 minute
What are the 3 typical radon sampling sites?
Basements
Houses
Dormitories
The source of photon energy found in the center of the laser. EG: gases in a laser. The gas used determines its color.
Active Medium
What is an example of exterior protection from ionization radiation? TQ!
Time, Distance, Shielding
X-ray that treats cancer, more powerful than diagnostic X-rays, kills certain kinds of cells.
Therapeutic X-rays
Control Method Hierarchy for Ionizing Radiation
Engineering (Lead Shields/ Concrete barriers)
Administrative (Cones, ropes, signs, etc)
PPE (lead aprons, lead gloves, shoe covers)
This occurs when a neutron collides with a nucleus, transferring kinetic energy to the target atom which results in a slower neutron and a highly energized nucleus, which goes on to become ION PAIRS. After SEVERAL of these interactions, the neutron is SLOWED enough to be ABSORBED through________________________________.
Elastic Scattering
Each source of radiation on this permit will be listed with its organization, isotope, activity, serial number, storage location, and survey requirements.
RAM Permits
This detects and measures beta and gamma radiation. Detects and processes the radiation to give an indication of deep dose, shallow dose, and the dose rate. Information is displayed via an LCD screen on top of the EPD.
MK2
Inhaled, invested, or absorbed contamination
Internal Contamination
In the event of an overexposure, who approves the individuals ability to return to work in an area where further exposure may occur?
Air Force Medical Support Agency BE
What contains seven major electron shells each containing different levels of energy?
Electron Cloud
What is created by induced radiation when nitrogen in the air absorbs fission neutrons and becomes carbon? It can remain in the air as beta emitters for a great deal of time.
Carbon 14
What determines the area an eye is damaged by a laser?
the WAVELENGTH of the laser
Overwhelming thermal light causes blindness to persist for up to ____________________________.
30 minutes
What tool do we use in broken arrow responses that outlines the current policies and planning that set the responsibilities and procedures for DOD DOE when preparing for and responding to a nuclear weapon accident?
DoD 3150.08 (NARP)
Inside the laser control area. An alarm, warning light, countdown……etc
Warning Systems
When radiation interacts with the water that makes up most of the cell’s volume
Indirect Action
Nuclear explosion less than 100,000 feet. Clean Nuke. Shockwave maximized destroying almost everything at ground zero. Little to no fallout.
Air Burst
Blasts have a ___________________phase and then _________________pressure.
Compression; negative
A valuable resource for a number of different situations. AFRAT can be reached by them. Personnel can call at all times. Can provide guidance during a radiation response.
ESOH Service Center
Used to transmit low-frequency telephone or television signals
Two Conductor
A high volume air pump that is used during radiation incidents. used when determining if radiation products have become airborne. Detects and Quantifies!
RADeCO
Admin Controls for EMF Hazards
Prior Coordination Training Safe work practices Controlled areas Flashing lights Warning signs Fences Constant observation Cones/ropes
The DoD 3150.08 breaks down a nuclear weapons accident into the five phases of local response:
- Notifications and Deployment
- Initial Response-BE INVOLVED
- Consolidation-BE INVOLVED THE MOST
- Weapons Recovery Operations
- Site Remediation- BE INVOLVED
Short term and long term radon test days?
Short term= 7
Long-term= 90
An electronic or sometimes print consolidation of information specifically designed for our career field. Specific isotopes of concern for BE.
BE Field Management
What two events created the nuclear enterprise?
2006: ICBM parts sent to Taiwan
2007: Crew mistakenly flew six nuclear weapons from Minot to Barksdale.
If radiation interacts with the atoms of the DNA molecule or any other cellular component critical of the cell
Direct Action
What do you call the total weight of neutrons and protons in an atom?
Atomic Mass
These types of antennas are used for the transmission and reception of microwave signals. These are NOT COMMON on an Air Force base, but you may run into them.
Horn Types
The time WIDTH of an electromagnetic pulse
Pulse Width
Values in a report for Lens of the eye
Eye Dose Equivalent
How long do you have to give someone potassium to prevent radioactive iodine from being absorbed into the thyroid.
4 hours
A woman who has voluntarily informed her employer in writing of her pregnancy and the estimated date of conception
Declared Pregnant Females
General public cannot be exposed to any more than ________mrem/yr.
100
This dosimeter is the primary device for determining neutron dose equivalents to the whole body. Amber Colored. Relies on your body for its measuring technique.
Neutron Dosimeter
This is the amount of energy that the radiation transfers per unit of path length is called?
Linear Energy Transfer (LET)
Acute radiation syndrome can result from exposures as low as________________.
200-1000 rads. TEST QUESTION
The annual dose limit for an occupational worker is ___ rem in a single year or ___rem to any tissue except the lens of the eye.
5;50
Has various probes for different types of radiation. Will NOT identify specific isotopes, but can provide activity levels present.
ADM-300
A radioactive element with an atomic number of 92. Found in natural areas. Contains 0.7%. Used in armor for tanks, counterweights in aircraft, power plants. Decays through the release of alpha particles.
Uranium
When a light beam has a lack of cohesion, connection, or harmony.
Incoherent
Who reviews all TLD reports to ensure exposures are below dose limits
The RSO and TLD program manager
What part of the eye actually intensifies the laser beam by up to 100, 000 times?
The Lens
___________________________________ occurs when a low energy photon strikes an atom, where the total energy of the gamma is EXPENDED in ejecting an electron from orbit. The result is ionization of the atom and expulsion of a high energy electron. The remaining electrons must drop to FILL the INNER SHELL.
PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT
Individuals who have been placed on the dosimetry monitoring program can only be removed by these….
PCs, retirement, separation, until the RSO removed them, or until monitoring for that area in cancelled.
What is the most common sign of overexposure to UV radiation?
Photokeratitis
This is used as a medical countermeasure to prevent the uptake of radiative iodine into the thyroid?
Potassium Iodide
How many set of alarms are on the EPDs and are they?
WMD incidents
Homeland Security Setpoints
What regulation outlines mandatory posting requirements for upper and lower tier areas in which warning signs should be placed?
AFOSH Std. 48-9
Who can wear EPDs?
The fire department responding or security forces personnel manning the gate.
Laser signage (warning signs) should state:
Precautionary or protective instructions The type of laser Emitted wavelength Maximum output Pulse duration Class of laser
Capable of exceeding MPE, but the transmission time is relatively short
Short-duration emitters
What are systems called that are capable of producing power density levels at or above the MPE in areas that are accessible to personnel or near ground level?
Ground Level hazard emitters
200-400nm
Ultraviolet
_____________________________ is possible once the neutron has lost sufficient kinetic energy through elastic and I elastic scattering. The once stable target nucleus now carries an extra neutron which makes it unstable-radioactive. If the resulting isotope is unstable, it will give off extra energy by converting a neutron to a proton, producing a negatively charged beta particle and a game photon.
Neutron Capture
Radiation that is emitted from the nucleus of an unstable atom.
Gamma Radiation
_____________________ is the major factor that limits the life of the x-Ray tube
Heat
This form of radiation, such as like x-rays or gamma rays, also ionize water molecules, but over A MUCH LARGER TRACK.
LOW LET
The splitting of the nucleus into nuclei of lighter atoms which is accompanied by the release of energy.
Fission
The ratio of “on” time to total time of a pulsed wave emitter. Duty factor is calculated by multiplying pulse width and the pulse repetition frequency.
Duty Factor
What are the two primary categories of residual radiation?
Induced radiation and fall out.
When EMF fields between 100kHz and 3GHz will penetrate the body and heat it due to the absorbed energy.
Thermal Effects (deep tissue)
Cannot cause damage unless you view it through something like binoculars or magnifying eyewear.
Class 1M
_____________________ types of antennas are commonly referred to as satellite dishes.
Aperture
This engineering control keeps a laser form operating when the housing opened or removed
System Interlocks
What is considered the most common source of hazardous IR radiation?
Heated Metals
This class of laser cannot emit laser radiation at a level that can cause eye nor skin injury.
Class 1
The estimated hazard distance is the distance from the antenna to the point where the power density equals to the MPE. The point after that is called the?
D MPE and is where the safe zone is.
Immediate effects from UV radiation?
Erythema, Increased pigmentation, darkening of pigments, changes in cellular growth
Report for external whole-body exposure sufficient to reach deep tissue and blood forming organs such as bone marrow
Deep Dose Equivalent
The time is takes for half the nuclei of a radioactive source to decay, resulting in half the original activity.
Radioactive Half-life
The amount of energy lost, and thus the energy of the x-Ray, depends upon __________________________________________________________________.
How closely the electron passes to the nucleus.
What is the energy released in the detonation of a nuclear weapon?
Nuclear yield
What are the two different types of categories of EMF radiation hazard potential?
Non-hazardous Emitter
Potentially hazardous emitters
This light is found above the visible range and bridges the gap between ionizing and non-ionizing radiation. This light can be used for sanitation and water treatment.
Ultraviolet
_______________ is pure energy and once is loses all its energy, it no longer exists.
Gamma Rays
This compromises 50% of the energy released from a nuclear detonation.
Blast Hazard
For light elements on the periodic table, a proton/neutron ratio of 1:1 is needed to have a stable atom. For heavier elements, the perfect ratio for atoms to remain stable is ________________.
1.5 neutron per every 1 proton.
When a transmitter stops transmitting radiated EMF energy when the antenna reaches a specific azimuth region. Rotating antennas and stops emissions when the antenna is pointed at a particular angle.
Azimuth Blanking
**What is the PRINCIPLE METHOD for CONTROLLING IONIZING RADIATION?
TIME
DISTANCE
SHIELDING
What is the distance between two points in a wave. The distance from one point in a wave to another.
Wavelength
These are high speed nuclear particles that have an exceptional ability to penetrate other materials. These are the only particles that can make objects radioactive.
Neutron
What EPD capability allows you to personalize functions?
Infrared data transfer
What is induced radiation?
The ability of neutron radiation to actually irradiate other materials.
Neutrons have what type of charge?
negative
What byproducts are created during fission?
Iodine 129, Iodine 131, Cesium, and others
Effects of radiation on cells:
Complete Repair
Defective Repair
Death of the cell
An aircraft-mounted military surveillance system that provides tracking of other aircraft. This system can be found on the E-3 Sentry aircraft.
AWACS
What PPE can protect us from gamma radiation?
NOTHING!!!!!!!
Intermediate powered lasers that may cause damage if the eye is appropriately focused and stable. No fire hazard.
Class 3R
What is used to absorb EMF energy while an EMF system is being tested; usually for repair/maintenance.
Dummy Loads
Gamma and X-Ray exposure is expressed in what unit?
Roentgen (R)
This antenna,also called a doublet, is one of the simplest types of antenna.
Dipole
Values of a report for absorbed dose to the head, neck, and thyroid.
Head Dose Equivalent
All forms of radiation express the energy they carry as electron volts, which helps determine whether it is ionizing or non-ionizing. Alpha and beta particles are all considered to carry enough energy to be ionizing. Where photons can be considered either non-ionizing or ionizing depends on where they fall within the spectrum.
Radiation Energy
The radiation produced in the first minute following detonation.
Initial Radiation
A healthy adult male between 20 to 40 years old , will experience a ____________% increased cancer from 100 rads.
10-15%
Burst that occurs below the earth’s or water’s surface. Thermal radiation almost completely absorbed by the ground.
Subsurface Burst
Reports fromthe exposure of the skin (to a depth of the dead skin)
Shallow dose equivalent
This is when the electric and magnetic fields in the immediate vicinity of an antenna (near field) are non-propagating (do not support each other) and exist in an complex temporal and spatial pattern. These induction fields diminish in strength more rapidly than in inverse proportion to distance.
Near Field
What is the transfer of radioactive material from one surface to another?
Contamination
What is merely the rate of decay of a radioactive source or the number of nuclear disintegration events occurring over a period of time?
Activity
When are you considered overexposed?
Total Effective Dose Equivalent > 0.055v (5 rem)
Since matter is made up of mostly empty space, ___________________ are able to move freely through matter, with small probability of interacting.
Photons
What is the most common cause of laser-induced skin damage?
Thermal (BURN) injury
What is one of the most important roles BE plays in the nuclear enterprise is
The detection and monitoring of intrinsic radiation
In continuos wave transmitters, power is specified as__________________________.
Pang Average Power
A pulsed laser is shot in pulse less than_____________seconds.
0.25 seconds
Like beta radiation, photons have ______________ LET.
LOW
In this type of facility, you may find lasers used for LASIK, dental, skin resurfacing, and ear surgery.
Medical Facility
Why would you not want to use soap and water to decontaminate in a nuclear (radioactive) event?
You do not want to irritate the skin because isotopes would be absorbed.
Why can your skin dissipate heat loads?
Increased Blood Circulation
Production of Sweat
Ambient air movement allows evaporation of perspiration generated by heat
A radioactive metal with the atomic number 94. Man-made element. 238, 239, 240. Used in nuclear weapons, nuclear reactors, satellites, and pacemakers. Decays by alpha and weak gamma radiation.
Plutonium
What is the energy that holds a nucleus together and is equal to the same amount of energy required to break it apart called?
Binding Energy
Where the user may operate the laser system REMOTELY rather than near laser sources.
Remote Operation
What determines whether radiation exposures and effects will be chronic or acute?
Dose & Dose Rate
This type of dosimeter is used to measure background radiation accumulated during transit or storage of dosimeters.
Area control dosimeters
What are the basic building blocks of all elements?
Atoms
AN antenna _________________ refers to the ability of the antenna to focus scattered EMF waves into narrower, useful plane, thereby increasing signal strength. Antenna _______________ is expressed in decibels (dB).
Gain
At he output of a laser that is operated in a continuos rather than a pulsed mode.
Continuous Wave Emitter
What is the transparent layer on the front of the eye and is susceptible to lasers producing UV radiation?
The Cornea
What dosimeters use a smoke colored (gray) hangar?
Whole Body
Below Shoulders and above hips
What organs are susceptible to laser damage?
Eyes and Skin
A radioactive process in which a particle with two neutrons and two protons is ejected from the nucleus of a radioactive atom is called_________________.
Alpha Decay
Primary device to evaluate exposures to the head, neck, and lens of the eye. Red hangar. Always worn on outside of lead aprons, etc..
Collar Dosimeter
Potentially hazardous under any viewing conditions and may present skin hazards if focused and stable.
Class 3B
This is the combination of the radioactive half-life and the biological half-life
Effective half-life
What PPE protects you from lasers?
Skin Covers
Sunscreen
Flame retardant materials
Laser eye protection
A gamma spectrometer that will identify an isotope based on the energy levels of the gamma so emitted from the source
SAM-940
400-700nm
Visible
This value in a report covers the total of all radiation doses during monitoring period
All Source Total Equivalent Dose Estimate
When an environment has physical controls like fences, chains, locks, and signs to prevent entry?
Upper Tier Environment
When lasers are used in many was to conduct scientific and materials research.
Research
How are bases notified for overexposures?
- By worker or supervisor
2. The Dosimetry Lab
The removal of outer clothing and shoes and the prompt washing of exposed skin and hair eliminates roughly ____________________% if radiological contamination.
90
What regulations does the dosimetry program implement procedure from?
10 CFR 20 and AFI 48-148
When personnel need to be trained on laser beam safety
Training
What is the spontaneous transformation of an unstable atom that often results in the emission of radiation?
Radioactivity
Who receives, assembles, and issues the dosimeters to the appropriate areas?
The TLD Program Monitor (usually a BE)
The number of PULSES that are transmitted per second
Pulse Repetition Frequency
What is an exposure received in any monitoring period exceeding monthly dosimeter value > 4.17 mSv (0.417 rem) or quarterly dosimeter readings of > 12.5 mSv (1.25 rem).
Abnormal Exposure Criteria
What survey is used to determine the extent of ground contamination in the event of an accident?
Eight-Leg Survey
The emitter inventory will have what information listed?
Hazards of each emitter Hazard distance Frequency Using organizations and shops Physical location of emitter on-base
These are energetic electrons and are classified as low LET radiation. Their smaller mass results in a greater distance between ionizing collisions- thus, a lower rate of energy transfer.
Beta Particles
Dark rooms or night exposures to lasers are more hazardous due to dial action of the eye.
Fact
*All training is annotated on AF Form 55 and is maintained for a period of _________ years.
3
Emitters capable of exceeding the specified MPE are called?
Potentially Hazardous Emitters
What is the preferred PPE for occupational exposures during nuclear responses. Protects against alpha, beta, and skin contamination.
Coveralls
Flexible “rubber duck” antennas found on hand-held two-way radios and cell phones
Whip
What is a value set by the installation RSO that requires further investigation when exceeded?
Investigation Action Levels
At distances of a few wavelengths, the E and H field pass through a transitional phase into the far field, where power and density decrease at a predictable rate vs. distance.
Far Field
**Uranium metal in which the concentration of U-235 has been reduced from 0.7 percent that occurs naturally to a value less than 0.2 percent. Low level of alpha, beta, and gamma radiation. **
Depleted uranium
What are the four types of potentially hazardous emitters?
Ground-level hazard emitters
Climbing Hazard Emitters
Inaccessible Emitters
Short-duration emitters
