Radiation Flashcards
What unit do you use to express binding, ionization, and radiation energy as it applies to this course?
Electron Volt (eV)
An unexpected event involving a nuclear weapon, but not constituting a nuclear weapon accident.
Bent Spear
This is the amount of energy required to ionize (remove) the least tightly bound electron in an atom of that element.
Ionization Potential
What do you call it when an area where exposures may be incurred by people who have no knowledge or control of the hazard?
Lower Tier Environment
What is the basic unit of the human body?
The cell
What does a typical nuclear detonation produce?
Blast(50%), Thermal (35%), Nuclear Radiation (15%)
Fallout is the last source of radiation health hazard we are concerned about during a nuclear detonation. What can affect fallout spread?
Weather Conditions, types of bursts, and weapon yield.
*Dirty Bombs. The intention is to spread the radioactive material and contaminate an area.
Radiological Dispersal Devices
The dose received by an individual in the course of employment
Occupational Dose
A measure of the degree of phase correlation that exists in the radiation field of a light source @ different locations and different times.
Coherent
The type of PPE used after nuclear detonation depends on:
- Airborne Concentration
- Type of Contamination
- Resources Available
- Mission Requirements
What two factors increase skin damage from UV Rays?
Wavelength and skin pigments.
Also known as radiant heat, this is found at the lower energy end of the visible spectrum.
Infrared
This electron uses the energy it received from the gamma ray to ionize other atoms by knocking electrons out of them as well.
Photons
Minors=________mrem/year and ____ rem to any tissue except the lens of the eye.
500;5
What is the most common expression (SI Unit) encountered in physics at the atomic level?
Electron Volt (eV)
How do you express the number of alpha and beta particles detected each minute?
Counts per minute
This burst occurs on or slightly above the surface of land or water, fireball touches surface, forms a crater, sucks up soil, dust, other particles. Mushroom cloud. Forms radioactive glass called trinitite.
Surface Burst
Controls against UV/IR
Welding Curtains Eye Protection Protective Clothing Sunscreen Short Duration of Exposure Welding Helmet Time, Distance, Shielding
Who approves controls for acquiring, receiving, storing, distributing, using, transferring, and disposing of radioactive material to ensure compliance with the Air Force Master Materials License, NRC, etc….
RIC
Workplace supervisor responsibilities for the dosimetry program:
Ensures all exposures are are ALARA
Ensures badges are worn and inhaled properly
Send new personnel to BE/RSO for enrollment
Refer pregnant personnel to BE for enrollment
Review reports and address adverse trends
Maintains exposure reports and provides results to personnel upon request
What do you call emitters that produce less than 28 watts or less than 5.6 watts where no further evaluations are required called?
Non-Hazardous emitters
If any dosimeter and/or bioassay result exceeds the dose limits in these regs, it is considered to represent a potential overexposure. What regs?
10 CFR 20; AFI 48-148
Thermal radiation can cause temporary of permanent blindness as far away as ___________ miles.
10
These types of burns occur when the body’s ability to dissipate absorbed heat via evaporative and convective processes is overwhelmed and its temperature rises to damaging levels.
Thermal
A physical barrier sufficient enough to contain the beam and laser radiation from exiting the laser system, except the beam aperture.
Protective Housing
As a relatively fast moving beta particle or electron nears the nucleus, the attractive force alters its trajectory and slows it down. This interaction results in a loss of kinetic energy which is converted to x-rays.
BREMSSTRAHLUNG
What do you call the nearest point on the earth’s surface where the detonation occurred?
Ground Zero
Internally deposited radioactive material is more hazardous than external deposition.
True
This is the increase in beam diameter (spread) as the distance increases from the laser.
Beam Divergence
This type of radiation transfers energy to the electron clouds in its path and can either excite or ionize an atom. The electrons here are excited and move to a higher energy state, or she’ll, where ionized electrons are removed from the atom completely. With each one of these electrons, these particles lose energy and slow down. It will finally take two electrons at the end of its path and become a complete helium atom.
Alpha Radiation
Minors
16-18 years old
Blast effects can cause what two physical injuries?
Collapsed Lungs
Ruptured Eardrums
In this type of nuclear weapon design, nuclear material is gathered and surrounded by a tamper. Outside the tamper is a ring of conventional explosives. The small explosives go off, forcing the collection of nuclear materials to combine in a small area, resulting in supercritical mass.
Implosion Type
Controls growth of bacteria. Commonly used in meat processing plants as they kill germs.
UVC: Short Wave
Emitters that are mobile; can be packed up and moved whenever necessary. Can be used to move to an area where the hazards are accessible.
Vehicular
This type of EMF emitter is considered the most hazardous emitter type in the Air Force inventory. These can be found on the flight line.
Aircraft-Mounted
What must the investigation determine?
- The portion of the body that received the dose
- The validity of the dose received
- Any corrective actions that have taken to prevent future exposures
Focuses and amplifies the photon energy into a coherent and collimating state to create a laser beam.
Optical Cavity
The application of high-frequency electrical currents to generate therapeutic heat in diseased tissues. Electrodes and other instruments are used to transmit electric current to surface structures, thereby increasing the local blood circulation and facilitating and accelerating the process of absorption and repair.
Medical Diathermy
This process occurs in nuclear power plants and during nuclear explosions. Many radioactive sources that we use today are created using this process.
Neutron Activation
When electrons are slowed or stopped by the interactions with the atoms of the target material __________________ are produced.
X-rays
These particles have a good deal of kinetic energy or energy of motion. They do not travel far, only centimeters. These particles ionize atoms very strongly; which makes these the least penetrating. The skin can block these particles, but become dangerous if inhaled, ingested, or injected.
Alpha Particles
The X-ray probe was specifically calibrated and included for use with __________________________.
Nuclear Weapons
____________________ is the ratio of the radiation intensity, in a given direction, to the radiation intensity that would be obtained if the power accepted by the antenna was radiated isotopically.
Absolute Gain
Who is the only Air Force organization that will communicate with the NRC?
Radioisotope Committee
What law states that “Energy cannot be created or destroyed, it can only be changed into another form”?
The Law of Conservation of Energy
What is referred to as energy absorbed per unit of any material?
Dose
Naturally occurring, chemically inert radioactive gas that is formed from the decay of naturally occurring uranium, 238, 235, and thorium-232
Radon
These particles have high LET. The two protons in this particle give these a positive charge. These particles are very heavy and very energetic compared to other types of radiation. These particles move relatively slowly and interact strongly with the atoms of any material they pass through, including air, producing dense ionization along their path.
Alpha Particles
Written procedures that should be established for operation, alignment, and maintenance of laser systems.
Standard Operating Procedures (SOPS)
What is the greatest concern in terms of potential impacts on human health and is the vulnerability of medical implants or devices used in clinical practices.
Electromagnetic Interference (EMI)
What is the transparent body behind the iris that works with the cornea to focus light on the retina called?
Lens
In this type of setting you may find lasers for various operations such as laser cutting, laser micro-drilling, and carpentry alignment.
Industrial
A thermonuclear reaction in which nuclei of light atoms join to form nuclei of heavier atoms. It is the joining of two atoms to create a single atom.
Fusion
Radiation=_______% of the blast.
15
What type of radiation causes atoms and molecules in the living tissue to become ionized and excited?
Ionizing Radiation
Not strong enough to harm your eyes because a person will blink and look away.
Class 2
What are the two different types of nuclear weapons design?
Gun Type and Implosion Type
Who is responsible for providing Ionization Radiation Training?
IRSO
_________________ may pass through matter without hitting anything, or it may hit an atom and transfer all or part of its energy. This normally ionizes the atom.
Photons
This occurs as a high energy photon enters the area around the nucleus of an atom; the energy is converted into the mass of two electrons; with the remaining energy being imparted as kinetic energy. The new particles have opposing charges; one positive and one negative, and such as exit the atom at SEPARATE ANGLES.
Pair Production
Organs Sensitive to Radiation:
Blood-forming organs
Reproductive & GI tract
Skin
Muscle and brain
What are audible sounds in the ear such as clicking, buzzing, and chirping have been documented as a result of exposure to pulsed radiation?
Microwave Hearing Effects
Damages skin first. Perfect path for great refer damaging effects of UVB radiation, which leads to cancer. Premature skin aging and eye damage.
UVA-Long Wave
What is radiation which is emitted from nuclei during radioactive material decay?
Residual Radiation
This form of radiation, such as alpha, ionize water into H and OH radicals over a very short track.
High LET
The maximum power density during “ON” time as opposed to “OFF” time. Expressed in Watts.
Peak Power (Pp)
What reg tells you how to complete an overexposure investigation?
AFMAN 48-125
What is the release of small radioactive particles that drop from fireball to the ground?
Fallout
Provides adequate protection for low levels of radioactive contamination. Not NIOSH approved.
MOPP Gear
During wartime Andy radiological response, the total dose not to be exceeded should be set to _________________rad.
150
What AFI regulates Ionization Radiation Protection?
AFI 48-148
Why is the eight leg survey important to commanders?
- Shows radiation dose to responders
2. Radiation contamination
When we are trying to determine which respiratory protection to use after a nuclear event, you take air samples. The units of activity per cubic meter are referred to as_______________________________________.
Derived Air Concentration (DAC)
This term refers to a naturally occurring radioactive material. It differentiates between isotopes of concern.
NORM
The distance along the laser beam, beyond which the exposure is not expected to exceed the appropriate PPE
Nominal Ocular Hazard Distance
MOST DANGEROUS type of UVA radiation. Responsible for sunburn, suntan, skin aging, skin cancer and eye damage.
UVB Middle Wave
What is the range of all possible frequencies of electromagnetic radiation?
The EM Spectrum
Who ensures that workers follow all safety procedures, prepare the radiation frequency report, and conduct safety awareness training for all personnel that may have radiation exposure?
Workplace Supervisors
What is the primary purpose of PPE?
To avoid contamination
Radiation emitted from an electron cloud
X-Ray
This type of light is found at wavelengths between 400-700nm. This light is received by the eye and is interpreted as color depending on its wavelength.
Visible
LASER ACRONYM STAND FOR?
Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
What are molecules that have the ability to make multiple bonds to the same metal ion?
Cheating Agents
This is used to treat radioactive cesium and thallium. This will expedite the body’s ability to eliminate the radioactive cesium through the stool.
Prussian Blue
Wave guides have a single conductor and are only practical for extremely high frequency signals. They are capable of confining and guiding electromagnetic energy from a generator or amplifier to its location.
One Conductor
When is radiation monitoring required?
When exposures exceed 100 mrem/yr
When individuals enter a high or very high radiation area
All members of the 2W2 career field that have exposure to INRAD
Pregnant Workers
Whoever the IRSO designates
Responsible for providing regulatory oversight for the use of radioactive materials by Air Force organizations.
Radioisotope Committee (RIC)
What range is visible light?
700nm to 400nm
This turns off an EMF emitter when a door, hatch, or other entry is breeched.
Interlock
What government agency is in-charge of Radon?
EPA
What is the SI unit of activity?
Becquerel (Bq)
When laser beams are enclosed their entire length
Beam Enclosures.
What type of charge do electrons have?
Negative
The maximum level of laser exposure radiation to which personnel may be exposed to without adverse biological effects is called?
MPE
__________________________ occurs when both the photon, and the electron it interacts with, are scattered in different directions.
Compton Scattering
The ___________________unit refers to the amount of ionizations occurring in the air at any given time?
Roentgen
Radiation is classified as either having high linear energy transfer or low LET, based on the rate that it transfers_____________________.
Energy
A blast that occurs at an altitude greater than 100,000 feet. Designed for EMP effects.
High-Altitude bursts! between 20 to 50 miles can cause eyes injuries miles away.
___________________________ is an Air Force Space Command radar system used to track missiles and satellites. This system also has a secondary mission of Earth-orbiting satellite detection and tracking.
Pave Paws
The area within a laser workplace in which the exposure from a direct beam, speculation, and diffuse reflection COULD EXCEED THE MPE. Required to wear eye PPE.
Nominal Hazard Zone (NHZ)
Components of an x-Ray unit:
Cathode-releases electrons when heated sufficiently
Anode-an electrode which electric current flows from a source
Sealed Glass Envelope- allows X-rays to flow out where you want
Protective Housing- shielding, limits exposures
This type of radiation is found at the high energy end of the electromagnetic spectrum, these are able to ionize atoms with which they interact.
X-RAY/GAMMA RADIATION
What is the amount of work that can be performed by a force, an attribute of objects and systems that is subject to a conservation law?
Energy
What are the three steps to the EMF Risk Assessment?
Identify
Analyze
Control
Who establishes and manages the base radiation safety program through training, surveillance, and control recommendations.
Installation Radiation Safety Officer (IRSO)
Effects that result from exposures to wavelengths less than 550nm. Disrupts cell chemistry, may even damage DNA causing mutagenic and cytotoxic effects.
Photochemical
What plays a large role in determining the hazard distance?
Intensity of the EMF
Receiving antennas; they can be used as local TV channels
Yogi
What are the two INDIRECT biological effects of EMF radiation?
Magnetic Interference and X-Rays.
This dosimeter is the primary device to evaluate exposures to the hand and forearm of an individual. Ex: Ring
Extremity Dosimeter
The process of removing contamination from an individual or surface.
Decontamination
Ionizing photons interact with material through the photoelectric effect, Compton scattering, and pair production. A photon’s ___________________ is the primary factor in determining which of these happens.
Energy
What is a nuclear weapons accident that could create the risk of an outbreak of war, but meets one of the following:
Unauthorized launching of nukes, accidental nuke detonation, non-nuclear detonations, burning of a nuclear weapon, jettison of a nuclear weapon?
Broken Arrow
An unstable atom does not always decay directly to a stable state immediately; it may undergo a a series of radioactive decays called a ________________________.
Decay Chain
Neutrons are typically found in nuclear facilities where fission and neutron activation are of interest because there are no pure neutron emitters. Strong neutrons are emitted during the blast phase of a nuclear detonation. Is it true or false that there are no pure neutron emitters?
True
Systems that are capable of producing levels of EMD radiation in excess of the MPE, but only in climbing areas called?
Climbing Hazard Emitters
Besides the nucleus , what contains all of the living substances of the cell?
Cytoplasm
Worker Responsibilities in the Dosimetry Program
Ensure all exposures are ALARA Provide exposure history to BE flight and supervisor Review Exposure Reports Performance Required Bioassays Properly use dosimeters
This is radiation from RAM associated with current nuclear weapons maintenance operations, residual RAM from legacy maintenance, nuclear weapons accidents/incidents, and nuclear reactors.
Intrinsic Radiation
Which two positions decided to start the nuclear enterprise?
Secretary of Defense
Secretary of the Air Force
When personnel can tell you better information you will be surveying better than a fact sheet with charts and graphs.
Interviews
What is produced whenever a conductor carries a current?
Electromagnetic Radiation
When 3GHz to 300 GHz are absorbed at the skin surface. Very high strengths are needed to cause skin burning. (Active Denial System)
Skin Heating Effects
Medical Uses of Radiation
Diagnose Cancer, Treat thyroid cancer, radioactive dyes, cancer treatment, diagnostic imaging
The power supplying the source that powers the laser?
Power Pumping Station
The LEAST HAZARDOUS danger of reflection as it is reflecting off a non-reflective surface such as a wall or a cabinet.
Diffuse Reflection
Annual report of individual occupational exposure to ionizing radiation. The dosimetry lab report once per year for each individual registered in the program during the calendar year.
AF Form 1527-1
What has the same number of protons, but a different number of neutrons?
Isotopes
Report Time for:
A. Abnormal Exposures
B. Overexposure
A. Abnormal Exposure: 30 days
B. Overexposure: 7 days
The risk that a person will suffer health effects from an exposure to radiation is measured in what units?
REM (roentgen equivalent man)
Or the Si unit Sievert (Sv)
EMF SURVEY PROCEDURES
Calculate Equipment- NARDA Radiation Monitor and NARDA Isotropic Probes Perform Survey *Find the D MPE *Find Hotspots
What has both a positive charge and negative charge that subsequently neutralizes each other rather than having no charge at all. These repel action of the protons and help hold the protons together in the nucleus.
Nucleus
__________________ is used to detect and track aircraft and small high-speed targets at distances beyond visual range.
Fire Control Radar
What factors effect how your skin is damaged by a laser?
Laser wavelength, total energy absorbed, number of pulses, exposure duration, and cumulative exposures.
Refers to the time-averaged rate of energy transfer.
Average Power (P AVG)
What three areas of the eye are damaged by lasers?
The retina, the cornea, and the lens
What are the 4 ways to identify EMF emitters?
- Reviewing emitter inventory
- DOEHRS
- Observations
- Interviews
When dealing with nuclear enterprise assets, the main consideration that must be addressed is that of________________?
Intrinsic Radiation
Radon=Lung Cancer
Max dose: 4 p Ci/l
Transmitters have two modes of operation. What are they?
Continuous wave and pulsed wave.
Low frequency, between 3kHz and 5GHz will penetrate the body and heat it due to the absorbed energy.
Electro Stimulating Effects
Properties that make a cell radio sensitive include cells that:
Are young and growing
Reproduce quickly
Are active
Are undifferentiated
What are the two basic forms of energy called?
Potential and Kinetic
Radiation on the skin or clothing
External Clothing
The number of these in an atom’s center, or nucleus, determines the element.
Protons
Industrial uses of radiation in USAF:
NDI for airframes
Thermal light can burn retina and penetrate the skull up to ________ miles away.
10 miles away
Who is obligated to follow safety procedures as outlined in AF standards, TOs, etc…
Workers
Exposure data from the beginning of the calendar year to the date the report is prepared.
1499-2 (Summary)
What is the amount of radiation absorbed per unit of time?
Dose Rate
Who determines who requires radiation exposure monitoring?
IRSO
What is the point at which electromagnetic energy is intentionally emitted into free space and therefore of greatest concern to health risk assessors?
Antenna
What do you call the determination of facts by examining the ground for patterns revealed by instrument measurements?
Ground Truth
The EMF emitter information in this system will show any equations used for estimated distances, the equipment used in surveys, and all required emitter parameters.
DOEHRS
This switch or key can disable a laser. Required for all class 3B or 4
Master Control Switch
For emergency use only and are usually installed inside rooms where antennas are located. Not a first line of defense.
Kill Switches/ panic Buttons
What do you call the number of periods or regularly occurring events of any given kind in a unit if time, usually in one second.
Frequency
This is the electromagnetic radiation in the visible light spectrum that can be sensed as heat and light.
Thermal Radiation
When a laser beam reflects and can be just as hazardous as a direct laser beam.
Specular Reflection
The time required for a biological system, such as that of a human, to eliminate by natural process, by half.
Biological Half-life
