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N5 Physics > Radiation > Flashcards

Radiation Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 3 ionising radiations?

A
  • Alpha
  • Beta
  • Gamma
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2
Q

Which radiation is the least penetrating?

A

Alpha

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3
Q

Which radiation is the most ionising?

A

Alpha

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4
Q

What are atoms composed of?

A
  • Electrons (negative)
  • Nucleus (positive)
  • Protons (positive)
  • Neutron (neutral)
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5
Q

What is the charge of an electron?

A

Negative

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6
Q

What is the charge of a proton?

A

Positive

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7
Q

What is the charge of a nucleus?

A

Positive

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8
Q

What is the charge of a neutron?

A

Positive

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9
Q

How are Ions made?

A

Ions are made when an electron is removed or added from an atom.

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10
Q

How do you create a positive Ion?

A

Positive Ions are made by removing an electron or more than one electron.

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11
Q

How do you create a negative Ion?

A

Negative Ions are made by adding an electron or more than one electron.

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12
Q

What is Alpha absorbed by?

A

A few cm of paper.

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13
Q

Which radiation is absorbed by a few cm of paper?

A

Alpha

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14
Q

What is Alpha?

A

Alpha is a Helium nucleus (2 protons 2 neutrons)

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15
Q

Which radiation is the slowest?

A

Alpha

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16
Q

Which radiation is the most ionising?

A

Alpha

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17
Q

Which radiation is the most biologically damaging?

A

Alpha

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18
Q

Which radiation is the middle penetrating?

A

Beta

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19
Q

Which radiation is the middle ionising?

A

Beta

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20
Q

Which radiation is absorbed by a few mm of Aluminium or dense material?

A

Beta

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21
Q

What is Beta absorbed by?

A
  • A few mm of Aluminium

* Dense material

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22
Q

What is Beta?

A

Beta is a negatively charged electron ejected from a nucleus.

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23
Q

Which radiation has no mass and no charge?

A

Gamma

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24
Q

Which radiation is the most penetrating?

A

Gamma

25
Q

What speed does Gamma travel at?

A

The speed of light (3.0x10^8ms^-1)

26
Q

Why does Gamma have no mass?

A

Gamma is an EM wave.

27
Q

Which radiation is an EM wave?

A

Gamma

28
Q

Which radiation is absorbed by a few cm of lead or many metres of concrete?

A

Gamma

29
Q

What is Gamma absorbed by?

A
  • A few cm of lead

* Many metres of concrete

30
Q

What is “activity”?

A

The activity is a measure of the nuclei that decay in 1 second.

31
Q

What is the equation for activity?

A

A= N / t

32
Q

What is the unit of activity?

A

Becquerels (Bq)

33
Q

What does an unstable source emit?

A

Alpha, Beta, or Gamma

34
Q

What is “half life”?

A

Half Life is the time it takes for the activity of a source to half.

35
Q

A radioactive source has an activity of 100MBq. If it’s half life is 3 hours, calculate it’s activity 12 hours later.

A

6.25MBq

36
Q

The activity of a radioactive source falls from 240MBq to 15MBq in a time of 24 hours. Calculate the half life of the source.

A

6 hours

37
Q

After 8 hours the activity of a source has decreased to 20MBq. Calculate the initial activity of the source if it has a half life of 2 hours.

A

320MBq

38
Q

What is “Dosimetry”?

A

This is the science of measuring the dosage of radioactivity.

39
Q

What is “Absorbed Dose”?

A

This measures the radiation energy that is absorbed per kilogram of metal.

40
Q

What is the formula for Absorbed Dose?

A

D = E / M

41
Q

What is the formula “ A = N / t “ for?

A

Activity

42
Q

What is the formula “ D = E / M “ for?

A

Absorbed Dose

43
Q

What are the units for Absorbed Dose?

A
  • Joules per Kilogram (Jkg^-1)

* Gray (Gy)

44
Q

What is Absorbed Dose usually measured in?

A
  • 1 uGy = (1x10^-6) Gy

* 1 mGy = (1x10^-3) Gy

45
Q

What is 1 uGy equal to?

A

(1x10^-6) Gy

46
Q

What is (1x10^-6) Gy equal to?

A

1 uGy

47
Q

What is 1 mGy equal to?

A

(1x10^-3) Gy

48
Q

What is (1x10^-3) Gy equal to?

A

1 mGy

49
Q

50 uGy of radiation is absorbed by 500g of body tissue. Calculate the energy absorbed by the tissue.

A

50 uGy

50
Q

What is “Equivalent Dose”?

A

Equivalent Dose is a better measure of the biological effect of radiation exposure.

51
Q

What is the formula for Equivalent Dose?

A

H = D x WR

52
Q

What is the formula “ H = D x WR “ used for?

A

Equivalent Dose

53
Q

What is Equivalent Dose measured in?

A

Sievert (Sv)

54
Q

What factors effect biological damage?

A
  • Total absorbed dose
  • Equivalent Dose
  • Time Exposed
  • Type of radiation
  • Shielding
  • Distance
  • Absorbing tissue type
55
Q

What is “nuclear fission”?

A

Nuclear fission is the splitting of a large nucleus. A neutron is fired at a Uranium atom, and the neutrons produced go on and on to create a chain reaction. This chain reaction releases a lot of energy.

56
Q

What is “nuclear fusion”?

A

Nuclear fusion is the joining of 2 smaller nuclei. Nuclear fusion often occurs in stars.

57
Q

What are the advantages of nuclear energy?

A
  • Smaller mass of fuel required compared ti fossil fuels for same energy output
  • No greenhouse gases
  • Nuclear fuel will be a longer lasting supply compared to fossil fuels
58
Q

What are the disadvantages of nuclear energy?

A
  • Radioactive waste is produced
  • Expensive to build and decommission nuclear power stations
  • Potential for big accidents

N5 Physics (3 decks)

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