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Radiation Safety > Radiation > Flashcards

Radiation Flashcards

0
Q

One Curie is that quantity of a radioactive material that will have how many disintegrations in one second

A

37 billion

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1
Q

Unit to measure radioactivity

A

Curie

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2
Q

A unit of exposure to x or gamma rays

A

Roentgen

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3
Q

A roentgen is that amount of radiation that will produce in air a given electrical charge per_____of air

A

Kilogram

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4
Q

What is the unit of absorbed dose in any substance

A

Radiation absorbed dose (RAD)

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5
Q

What is the unit of dose equivalent for any type of ionizing radiation sorted by body tissue in terms of its biological effect

A

Roentgen equivalent man

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6
Q

The REM is defined as the dose in RAD multiplied by the appropriate _____

A

Quality factor

REM = RAD x QF

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7
Q

What was designed so that all branches of science could use a single set of interrelated measurement units

A

System Internationale (SI)

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8
Q

Known formerly as the Curie this unit is used to measure radioactivity. It is the quantity of a radioactive material that will have one disintegration in one second

A

Becquerel

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9
Q

Formerly the RAD it is the unit used to measure absorbed dose for any type of radiation and any material. Equal to 100 RAD

A

Gray

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10
Q

Formerly the REM it relates the absorbed dose in human tissue to the effective biological damage of radiation. it is the equivalent to 100 REM

A

The sievert.

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11
Q

Primarily of galactic origin consisting of high-energy protons helium ions electrons, and photons. Interaction with an atmosphere by these particles produces most of the observed cosmic radios

A

Cosmic radiation

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12
Q

The intensity of cosmic radiation varies with what?

A

Latitude and elevation.

Higher elevations receive greater exposures.

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13
Q

Naturally occurring radioactive isotopes are a form of what type of radiation?

A

Terrestrial radiation

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14
Q

Terrestrial radiation consists of either isotopes produced by what
or
isotopes with _____ which have been present on earth since it’s creation

A

Interaction of cosmic rays

Long half lives

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15
Q

Direct terrestrial radiation dose varies with what

A

Location

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16
Q

What type of radiation occur is with building material such as concrete, brick, and stone, which contain quantities of uranium

A

Terrestrial radiation

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17
Q

Inhaled Radon 222, ingested potassium 40, carbon-14, etc are forms of what radiation

A

Natural radioactivity within the body, inhaled radioactivity

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18
Q

What are the most common type of man-made background radiation sources

A

Isotopic sources
They are intentionally produced by reading material with neutron beams from Excelerators IE cesium 137 which is used to check Radiac calibration

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19
Q

These sources make up the largest variety of radiation sources they can be classified as accelerators or reactors

A

Machine sources

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20
Q

What are the most common type of Excelerator source

A

X-ray machines

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21
Q

X-rays are high-energy photons that are how much more energetic than visible light?

A

1000 to 1,000,000

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22
Q

What is an example of a reactor type source

A

Nuclear reactor

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23
Q

A typical reactor may produce intensities up to how many RAD/Hr

A

1 billion

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24
Q

A person living near a nuclear reactor facility might receive an additional exposure of how many mR/yr

A

0.1 to 1.0 MR/yr

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25
Q

The average exposure from all backgrounds sources in the United States is approximately how many MR/year

A

203.3 MR/year

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26
Q

What is defined as the amount of time calculated to a sure that Personnel exposures do not exceed A predetermined level

A

Staytime

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27
Q

What is the best safety factor

A

Distance

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28
Q

If you double the distance from the source the intensity is reduced to _____of the original intensity

A

One quarter

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29
Q

What absorbs part or all of the various types of radiation

A

Shielding

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30
Q

X-ray shielding is based on the same mechanism as what

A

X-ray matter interaction

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31
Q

At a lower energies materials of high atomic number provide the attenuation at lower or higher barrier weight

A

Lower

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32
Q

All shield barrier material shall be a shored what what and what

A

Quality, uniformity, and permanency

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33
Q

In lead barriers joint should be in contact with how much of an overlap or twice the thickness, whichever is greater

A

One half inch overlap

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34
Q

What is the sole reason for concern about the effects of ionizing radiation

A

Interaction of radiation with matter particularly the human body

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35
Q

What is the term for any electromagnetic or particulate radiation capable of producing ion pairs in its passage through matter

A

Ionizing radiation

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36
Q

Ionizing radiation can be divided into two general categories what are they

A

Directly ionizing radiation and indirectly ionizing radiation

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37
Q

What type of radiation carries a charge and can deposit energy directly into an absorber

A

Directly ionizing radiation

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38
Q

What are the three major mechanisms which account for the energy deposition by charged particles in an absorber

A

Ionization, excitation, and bremsstrahlung

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39
Q

What occurs when an incident charged particle exerts a sufficient force of attraction or repulsion on the atomic orbital electron to completely remove one or more electrons from the atom. The positively charged atom from which the electron was removed and the removed electrons are referred to as what?

A

Ionization. Ion pair

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40
Q

What occurs when incident charged particles exert force on atoms to raise orbital electron to higher energy state but not enough force to completely remove them from their atom. the excited atom will emit photons when the electrons return to the ground state

A

Excitation

41
Q

What is the x-ray radiation that may occur when charged particles interact with atomic nuclei of absorber Adams

A

Bremsstrahlung also known as “breaking radiation”

42
Q

What type of radiation must first transfer energy to some charge particle in the disorder which in turn transfer some or all of that energy to the absorber

A

Indirectly ionizing radiation

43
Q

What is a bundle if you were electromagnetic energy which has no mass or charge and is classified as indirectly ionizing radiation

A

Photon

44
Q

What originates with particle consisting of two protons into neutrons are omitted from a radioactive atom

A

Alpha particles

45
Q

What are the charge of alpha particles

A

+2

46
Q

Alpha particles have a massive roughly how many times that of an electron

A

7000

47
Q

Alpha particles are emitted from radioactive Adams with velocities of what

A

1/20th the speed of light

48
Q

Alpha particles once inside the body will cause highly localized tissue damage near the point of origin due to what

A

Specific ionization

49
Q

What originates when an electron is emitted from the nucleus of a radioactive Adam, along with unusual particle called the antineutrino

A

Beta particles

50
Q

What are the charge of beta particles

A

-1

51
Q

What is the mass of a beta particle

A

that of an electron

52
Q

Beta particles have a wide range of energy from what to what
the average energy in the beta spectrum is what

A

Zero to maximum. The average energy in the Beta spectrum is 1/3 maximum

53
Q

Beta radiation is more penetration that alpha particles because of what

A

High speed and lower electric charge

54
Q

What type of radiation can be created because of the strong attractive force between the beta particle in the nucleus?

A

Bremsstrahlung x-rays

55
Q

As the energy of the new John decreases the probability of absorption does what

A

Increases

56
Q

What is a side effect of neutron absorption?

A

Unwanted gamma radiation

57
Q

Materials of high atomic number or more likely to result in gamma ray mission from what

A

Neutron absorption

58
Q

Scattering in what type of materials is the preferred method of shielding for example paraffin, water, plastics

A

Hydrogenous materials

59
Q

What is the main factor that affects a cells sensitivity to radiation

A

Radiation absorbed dose (RAD)

60
Q

What are the five categories of biological effects

A 
Genetic
Stochastic
Non stochastic
Teratogenic
Somatic
61
Q

Genetic biological effects occur in what type of cells

A

Reproductive cells

62
Q

What is the effect for which the probability of an effect occurring rather than its severity, is a function of dose without threshold

A

Stochastic

63
Q

What is the effects for which the severity of the fact varies with bills, and for which a threshold will occur

A

Non-stochastic

64
Q

What is in effect occurring in the offspring as a result of an insult sustained in utero or while the mother is pregnant. This only occurs when the embryo is a radiated and not the mothers leg, arm, etc.

A

Teratogenic

65
Q

What affects arise from damage to the cells in the body of an irradiated individual

A

Somatic

66
Q

Somatic affects me be divided into two categories what are they?

A

Acute effects (short-term) and chronic effects (long-term)

67
Q

What arise from large exposure is delivered in the period of a few hours or less and can result in observable symptoms and illnesses?

A

Acute effects

68
Q

What are the three types of acute radiation syndromes?

A

Hematopoietic syndrome
Gastrointestinal syndrome
Central nervous system syndrome.

69
Q

What syndrome occurs between 70 to 1000 RADs.

this damages blood forming organs organs symptoms of illness occur 1 to 2 days after exposure

A

Hematopoietic syndrome

70
Q

Death me occurrence of individuals at how many rads

A

120 RADs

71
Q

What occurs between 1000 to 10,000 RADs
Symptoms of illness occur within a few hours of exposure
death occurs within two weeks of exposure

A

Gastrointestinal syndrome

72
Q

What occurs at 5000 RADS and above?
Symptoms of illness occur within minutes of exposure.
Death within three days of exposure

A

Central nervous system syndrome

73
Q

Each of the acute radiation syndromes consist of four stages
(the time for the stages to occur shortens as exposure increases)
what are they?

A

Prodromal.
Latent.
Illness
Recovery

74
Q

What are the effects which can show years after the original exposure these can come from acute or chronic exposures?

A

Chronic effects

75
Q

What are the three examples of chronic effects

A

Cataracts. Shortened lifespan. Carcinogenic effects.

76
Q

What is the primary causes of X radiography radiation accidents

A

Carelessness and lack of training

77
Q

Three factors that lead to carelessness

A

Boredom fatigue and illness

78
Q

What are three improper work procedures resulting in radiation accidents

A

Tube head left energized.
Radiation survey omitted/improperly done.
X-ray tube not secured from unauthorized.

79
Q

All reports are submitted in detail on what form

A

NAVMED 6470/1 to BUMED (MED 21)

80
Q

The NAVMED 6470/1 shall be submitted to BUMED via who?

A

Radiation health officer.

81
Q

Instructions for completing the NAVMED 6470/1 are found where?

A

In the NAVMED P-5055 and on back of form

82
Q

A whole body deuce in excess of the whole body exposure limit specified in chapter 4 of NAVMED P-5055 should be submitted in a report within how many days?

A

30 days

83
Q

A whole body deuce of more than 5REM in a single incident constitutes what

A

Notification immediately by phone or immediate message and a report submitted within 24 hours.

84
Q

A whole buddy dose of more than 25 REM constitutes what

A

Notification immediately by phone or immediate message and a detailed report within 15 days after exposure

85
Q

What does RADIAC stand for

A

Radiation detection indication and computation meter

86
Q

As I am as a snickers electrons released are collected by a positively charged anode resulting in what

A

Pulse of electrical current

87
Q

The more radiation present the more iodization events which occur resulting in what

A

More current flow and a higher meter reading

88
Q

And very low voltage is the ionize Adams simply read combine it with electrons resulting in no current flow. This is an example of what type of region

A

Recombination

89
Q

Increasing the current a little allows each electron to be collected resulting in a low-voltage pulse. This is an example of what type of region

A

Ion chamber region

90
Q

In the Geiger Mueller region voltages now so high that electrons which of been freed are accelerated, normally resulting in additional lyonization by collisions with other orbital electrons. This is called what

A

Gas multiplication or avalanche

91
Q

Advantages of RADIACS

A

No need for highly stable voltage supply.
Flat energy response.
No dead time.
Fairly consistent/steady needle response
designed to measure again rays, x-rays, and beta particles

92
Q

What are the disadvantages of RADIAC

A

Not very sensitive to very low energys.
Not rugged.
Pulses below 10 ^ -14th amps may look like tube noise

93
Q

In accordance with manufacturers instructions and the RAD-010 the beta shield must be lowered for energies of how many kilovolts and below

A

120 KV

94
Q

The Geiger Mueller is very energy dependent at low energy levels it has a flat response down to only how many KV

A

100

95
Q

Chips 1, 2, and 3 are lithium 7 and are sensitive to what radiation

A

Photon and beat radiation

96
Q

Chip 4 is lithium 4 which is sensitive to what

A

Photon, beta and neutron radiation

97
Q

DT-702 card has additives of what elements

A

Magnesium copper and phosphorus

98
Q

TLD’s are forwarded to radiological health lab how often

A

6 to 7 weeks

99
Q

Storing TLDs above ____ cans cause a ___% reduction in sensitivity

A

115 F

25%

100
Q

Accident dosimeters can detect neutron exposure is up to you how many rads and gamma exposures up to how many rads

A

Neutron 50,000

Gamma 10,000

101
Q

Electronic personal dosimeter has an autoscaling range from ___ MR to ____ R

A

0.0 MR to 1600 R

(Alarm preset at 200 mrem and 200 mrem/hour

Radiation Safety (1 decks)

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