RADIATION

Question 1

Definition of atom

Answer 1

every substance is made up of atoms

Question 2

Definition of proton

Answer 2

a particle found at the centre of an atom, has a positive charge

Question 3

Definition of neutron

Answer 3

a particle found at the centre of an atom, has no charge

Question 4

Definition of electron

Answer 4

a particle found orbiting the nucleus of an atom, negative charge

Question 5

definition of nucleus

Answer 5

the centre of an atom, consists of protons and neutrons

Question 6

definition of alpha radiation (α)

Answer 6

a type of ionising radiation, consists of 2 protons and 2 neutrons may be called a HELIUM NUCLEUS, highly ionising, positive charge

Question 7

definition of beta radiation (β)

Answer 7

a type of ionising radiation, consists of an electron, FAST MOVING ELECTRON, negative charge

Question 8

definition of gamma radiation

Answer 8

a type of penetrating radiation, it is a high energy electromagnetic wave, consist of no mass & no charge

Question 9

definition of ionisation

Answer 9

when an atom gains or loses an electron the result is a charged ion

Question 10

definition of penetration

Answer 10

the ability for radiation to go through materials

Question 11

definition of activity

Answer 11

the number of nuclear decays per second, with the unit becquerel

Question 12

definition of background radiation

Answer 12

radiation that is always present everywhere ,may come from natural sources or man made made sources

Question 13

safety surrounding radiation

Answer 13

when handling radiation safety should be considered such as distance from source and using forceps and shielding

Question 14

definition of absorbed dose

Answer 14

the quantity of energy absorbed per kg from radioactive decay, with unit gray (Gy)

Question 15

definition of equivalent dose

Answer 15

the effect the absorbed does will have when considering the type of radioactive decay that accord, with the unit Sieverts (sv)

Question 16

definition of equivalent dose rate

Answer 16

the equivalent dose absorbed over a certain time, this will have units such as Sieverts per year (Sv y^-1),Sievert per hour(Sv H^-1)

Question 17

definition of radiation weighting factor

Answer 17

a quantity that the absorbed dose must be multiplied by to calculate the equivalent dose, all types of radiation have values of this (on sheet)

Question 18

define medicine in radiation

Answer 18

nuclear radiation can be used in medicine, for example x ray imaging can be used to detect broken bones, can also be used to kill cancerous cells

Question 19

definition of half life

Answer 19

the time taken for activity of a nuclear source to half

Question 20

definition of fission

Answer 20

Nuclear fission is the process by which energy is released when a large atom is hit by a neutron, becomes unstable and splits into one or more smaller pieces

Question 21

definition of fusion

Answer 21

Nuclear fusion is when one or more small, light nuclei join together to make one heavy nucleus

Question 22

what is the average annual equivalent dose background radiation in uk

Answer 22

2.2mSv

Question 23

what is the annual equivalent dose limit for people in the uk

Answer 23

1mSv

Question 24

what is the annual equivalent dose limit for radiation workers in the uk

Answer 24

20mSv

Question 25

A=N/T

Answer 25

activity = number of decays / time N= AT

Question 26

D=E/M

Answer 26

absorbed dose =energy /mass E=DM

Question 27

H= Dwr

Answer 27

equivalent dose = absorbed dose * radiation weighting factor

Question 28

H^. =H/T

Answer 28

equivalent dose rate = equivalent dose / time H=H^.T

Question 29

Which type of radiation ionises the least

Answer 29

Gamma

Question 30

What type of radiation ionises the most

Answer 30

Alpha

Question 31

What is alpha radiation absorbed by

Answer 31

Paper

Question 32

What is beta radiation absorbed by

Answer 32

Aluminium

Question 33

What is gamma radiation absorbed by

Answer 33

10cm lead

Question 34

What makes an atom uncharged

Answer 34

If the numbers of protons are equal to the number of electrons

Question 35

Name a natural source of radiation

Answer 35

Cosmic Ray, animals, some rocks, soil and plants

Question 36

How does radioactive decay happen

Answer 36

Spontaneously

Question 37

Source of artificial radiation

Answer 37

Dental xray, xrays, screening mammography, adult abdominal ct, neonatal abdominal ct

Question 38

What does fission mean

Answer 38

Splitting apart of atoms

Question 39

What does fusion mean

Answer 39

Joining together

Question 40

Define chain reaction

Answer 40

After a reaction this will trigger further reactions which

Question 41

Advantage of nuclear energy

Answer 41

Nuclear power requires little fuel to create huge amounts of energy, Unlike fossil fuels,nuclear fuel does not release huge amounts of greenhouse gases into the air Fossil fuels are running out, so nuclear fuel provides a convenient way of producing electricity

Question 42

Disadvantage of nuclear power

Answer 42

A serious accident in a nuclear power station is a major disaster and can cause major harm across the world, Nuclear power stations produce radioactive waste, some of which is hard to deal with, After a few decades nuclear power stations will have to be decommissioned

Question 43

Cons of nuclear fusion

Answer 43

Requires extremely high temperatures Requires high pressures Very expensive

Question 44

Pros of nuclear fusion

Answer 44

Release even more energy per kg of fuel, Make less radioactive emissions Uses "cleaner" fuel isotopes of hydrogen made from water and lithium

Question 45

Define plasma

Answer 45

A hot electrically charged gas

Question 46

What is the name for the project trying to create fusion on earth in europe

Answer 46

ITER (international thermonuclear experimental reactor) and the device is called TOKAMAK

Question 47

Where does nuclear fusion naturally occur

Answer 47

Naturally in stars eg the sun

Question 48

Use of nuclear energy

Answer 48

Medical diagnosis, cancer treatment, dating, sterilization

Question 49

Unit of absorbed energy

Answer 49

Gy gray

Question 50

Unit of equivalent dose

Answer 50

Sv sievert

Question 51

Unit of energy absorbed

Answer 51

Joule j

Question 52

Unit of mass

Answer 52

Kg

Question 53

Unit of exposure dose rate

Answer 53

Sievert per sec (Sv s^-1)

Question 54

Unit of activity

Answer 54

Bc becquerel